Body Language In Intercultural Communications Cultural Studies Essay

Body Language In Intercultural Communications Cultural Studies try onWith the inter state of matteral dialogue becoming closer,except the communicatory communication in daily life, we may encounter some(prenominal)(prenominal) an other(prenominal) em luggage compartment phraseologys. These system phraseologys sens express their mood or even substitute one sentence. Therefore, in order to chthonianstand the intercultural communication better, this dissertation first introduces the kin between purification and spoken communication, then short explains what dust speech communication is and its function in intercultural communication, subsequently, briefly analyses the differences of the same remains nomenclature in varied agricultures. At last, the dissertation suggests that when studying English actors line, one chamfer ignore the huge consistency linguistic process, it exit be helpful with our English study.Key war crys Language culture body expression i ntercultural communicationI. IntroductionWith the international communication becoming more and more frequently, Chinese bulk may lease m some(prenominal) chances to get in touch with conflictingers. They alship squirtal drug abuse valety body terminologys with their talk. It is a unmatched phenomena. Shakespe ar said Theres speech in her eyes, her cheek, her lip, Nay, her foot speaks. Indeed, these body oral communication non only suffer submit their news program lively, scarce alike express the speaker units mood, or even substitute a sentence. What the body language authority when they use for communication?This is the obligatory knowledge of English study. Any kind of body language is numbered on the foundation of culture. Without ground the true kernel of a body language, it exit disconcert or consider mis engineer. Therefore, this dissertation will analysis the differences of same body language in the incompatible cultures and suggest to study Englis h on the premise of discovering their culture.II. Literature review2.1 kitchen-gardening and language2.1.1 CultureThe definition of culture is evolving as eon passes. In the west, at first it was apply to make some ability of soul which represent a form of act. Then culture used to see the real achievement of a instructed person. And in 1952, a book of Alfred L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn named Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions was constitute a general definition based on more than 160 kinds of cultures definition which was identified by climatern east and west academic circle. And in China, its meaning was that with the understanding of e truly(prenominal) phenomena of piece well-disposed, order the world with instructing and inspiring. In the Confucian concept, wen non only means word, entirely also describe to all the rules of etiquette and music in general. In ancient Chinese language, culture meant guiding lot with ethics. Culture is a com plex concept and changing with tender-hearted social. However, the word culture is most commonly used in three basic sensesExcellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also know as high cultureAn integrate pattern of human knowledge, flavour, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic idea and social teachingThe set of sh ared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that think ofs an institution, organization or group2.1.2 LanguageLanguage is the eventful thinking and communicating tool of human being. With language people send word keep and pass human civilization achievement. In general, any nation has its own language. It is a notable character of a nation and has long history. Language is closely related with thought. It is the carrier and exhibition form of thought. Language is a social phenomenon with stability and nationality. Though many animals can make healthful to express their emotion or stage message, these sounds are regular without chan ge. Only person pass on language and can combine all the sounds that chip in no meaning to be come after a meaningful morpheme, then mold these morphemes together in many modes to form utterance. Using infinite changing form to express infinite changing meaning.2.1.3 The affinity between language and cultureCulture and language are mutual dependence and can not be separated. Language is small-arm of culture, it is the media of culture communication. We use language to communicate, and language is largely influenced by culture.The affinity between culture and language is on the foundation of nation. A nation produces language, at the same time produces culture. Edward Sapir thought that language can not exist without culture. The culture we talk round is social wont and belief. It can decide our life structure. Linguistician Palmer said that language faithfully reflects all the history and culture, game and amusement, belief and prejudice of a nation. As a part of nations c ulture, language reflects the nations visage, at the same time, language reflects the centre of culture as form.Language is the important carrier of culture. Other carriers such(prenominal) as historical site, book, or painting, only show part or even a corner of culture. notwithstanding language stores all the information of culture comprehensively. Language consists of voice, vocabulary and grammar. Vocabulary, especially the notional word, bear the important responsibility of carrying culture. clipping passes, and many new words are coming into being, such as virtual floating, means netizens intrust their worries and secrets in the virtual bottle without knowing who will get it. All of these are anonymous. And kick clog up, the original of this word is that the International Olympic Committee will open an ethics investigation into Issa Hayatou over allegations the African football game official took kickbacks from FIFAs former marketing agency. But these new words hardly pos sible become part of culture. Only those language fact that integrate into the bottom life deeply, chosen and washed out by history, enter the basic nation vocabulary is the sign of language affect culture profoundly. For example, Buddhism have been spreaded about 2000 years. Some words like free, retribution, disengagement, hell are coming from Buddhism. These words have already integrated into Chinese become part of it.Culture has effect on language semiotic system itself, language concept, thought and expression, and language learning. Nation culture is decided by the meaning of vocabulary. Different culture impost and mentality have definitively function to it. Such as dragon, the occidental people have no favor to it, they thought it is monster, cruel person, stand for devil. But in ancient Chinese culture it stands for the son of enlightenment and the emperor, lucky and honorable. The reference content and way of culture are decided by the cultures person and persons cultur e. For example, Cantonese sanctimoniousness see wind candy for the whole year, so they do not distinguish ice and snow in concept. The northerlyman say , and Cantonese say . But the Eskimo who live in arctic pole always contact with snow and have a perceptive. There are more than 20 kinds of words used to describe antithetic snow. As the carrier and express tool of thought, language promote the development of thought, on the other authorise, language is restricted by thought. For instance, Chinese say , that is and , looking into the physics function of and . But in English, there is railway train, look into the move way of rail and track.To understand the culture of English countries is the important grade of English study. The search of language and culture is divided into language culture and language in culture. So culture is divided into two part big culture and small culture.(Bright, 1976) Here is a formlanguageBig cultureother cultural phenomenaCultureVerbal langu ageSmall cultureNon- literal languageBody language is the important part of non-verbal language. Non-verbal language and culture are learned behaviour and social custom that rich in long history heritage. The relationship between both have these characters in someone like Samovar etals eyes culture and non-verbal language can not be divided. some non-verbal languages are the result of learning culture. The shaping and impacting of non-verbal behaviour are always decided by definitive culture environment. It is really important to understand the relationship between culture and non-verbal language. (Samovar etal, 1981) Samovar thought that through understanding the basic represent mode of some cultures non-verbal language, we can search peoples behaviour and attitude. Through non-verbal language mode can understand a sort of cultures value system. Through the enquiry of non-verbal language can block up the constrict ethnocentrism. The most realistic signification of researching the relationship between culture and non-verbal language in intercultural communication is to resolve the culture conflict in non-verbal language. People always do not realize the learning of their own culture, but truly(prenominal) sensitive with other cultures non-verbal language and easily produce misunderstand. Worth the whistle, the culture conflict brought by non-verbal language is earnest than that brought by verbal language. Because non-verbal language always is the expression of predisposition and emotion. Samovar vex forward that to resolve the non-verbal language culture conflict in international communication should recover the follow three principles when understand the meaning of other cultures non-verbal language1. When pay attention to the behaviour of a non-verbal language can not ignore that there are manifold non-verbal language cooperative employ in real communication.2. Anyone can not list and describe all the non-verbal language in any culture. But if we can understand exactly the information of some usually used non-verbal language under the international communication environment, it will be helpful to understand the necessary information.3. Only understand our cultures non-verbal language first, can we understand other cultures behaviour.Under international communication, to identify the message of non-verbal language should avoid modal(prenominal) or only notice superficies. Be sure to keep in mind that any non-verbal language does not appear lonely, nor take in any message consciously. Pay special attention to that when study foreign language, international communication activity, and international research, for the motive of communicating, studying and researching, people have to make a nitty-gritty and generalization of the non-verbal language of the same dry land and the same language nation to sum up some representative non-verbal language. However, in real communication, people must find that the non-verbal language in the same country and nation are not just the same. Even in the same area, it is differ in thousands of ways between the people in several(predicate) occupations, various age groups and assorted culture levels. Such as America which is famous for multinational immigrant living together, their non-verbal language are very hard to be consistent. So as the different English country, the differences are more foster.III. Body language3.1 DefinitionBody language is a way of communication that body works which use head, eyes, neck, hands, arm, foot or other parts of the body to express peoples thought and emotions. Facial expressions, eye contact and other postures and motions are the commonly used body act. In a general sense of word, body language includes facial expression, in a narrow sense of word, body language only includes the meaning expressed by body and four limbs. The variety show of body language was advanced by Ruesch and Kees in 1956 according to the basic component of non-verbal language. It involves sign language, fulfill language, and object language. The other assortment was advanced by M. Knapp in 1978 through the analysis of some apt(p) researching and literatures. That are body motion and kinesics behaviour, physical characteristics, touching behaviour, paralanguage, proxemics, artifacts, environmental factors. Subsequently, Jensen advanced another statement body motion and gestures, attitudes toward time, attitudes toward space, general habits in communication.The research of human body language can trace back to Aristotle in Greek. The formally research was beginning from Darwin. In his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals correct forward that man and animals have many similar expressions. The systemic research of body language must come first Ray Birdwhistell. His 1952 book Introduction to Kinesics put forward the theory of kinesics. Made the body language become a coding system like verbal language to study the relationship between body driving and communication.Body Language of Julius Fast is a representative work that reflects the research result of body language. This book is known as the summary of the scientists research in the body language field. From then on, body language becomes a boundary science and produces new research result continuously. harmonise to estimates, human body can make out more than 270,000 kinds of posture and movement. This is far more than the sound made out by human body. These postures and movements meaning are very complex. Some are definite and material as some are general and blurry. Some are used to communicate as some are used to self-express. Some are expressing emotion message as some are reflecting character and attitude. So the sort of body language is very complex.The body language classification manner of Ekman and Friesen has important effent in non-verbal language communication educational circles. According to all the movements origin, usage and code, they divided human face and bodys continuous movement into five parts1. Symbolic movement these movements have clearly meaning, such as the gesture express OK and victory. Symbolic movement always used to substitute verbal language. In general, they have distinct culture character. For example, the movement means suicide, in Japan, people use hand to simulate dagger to thrust the abdomen, and in America, people use hand to simulate a numbfish shot temple.2. Illustrative movement these kind of movements cooperate with verbal language directly to explain the meaning of the talking. For example, to emphasize a sentence, describe a thought, indicate a material, depict a space relationship, characterize a things rhythm and speed, portray a phenomena , describe a body movement, explain a sentences meaning, etc.3. Emotion revealing movement mainly through facial expression to show emotion or mood, of course the other part of body can also express these emotion. Express th e emotion can repeat, exaggerate,deny the verbal language, or may be no relationship with it. Express the emotion always deliver the message of communication unconscious, but also can use it in communicating conscious.4. Modulation movement this kind of movement is used for maintaining or adjusting the talk in the face-to-face talk. It drops a hint that the speaker can keep talking, repeat again, explain further, speak fast or more lively, allow other people have a talk, etc. In recent years, people pay attention to the research of the turn-talking in chat. Turn-talking means that telling the opposite side I want to talk stopping the speaker changing the topic asking the other side to give me a speaking chance let the other side keep talking telling the others that I have finish my talking and you can speak. The usually used movement is head and eye movement.5. Adaptable movement Ekman and Friesen divide it more further 1). Self-adaptable movement this kind of movement always happe n on personally, such as, holding own hand, grinding hand, grabing, scratching, clutching, nipping, whisking or gathering the cloth. In general, the emotion is more disconcerting, the pretty actions are more distinguished. Picking nose and wiping eyes belong to this kind. 2). Transformational adaptable movement this kind of movement take place in the draw with other people. Such as, bringing or delivering, attacking or protecting, close or away. Leg movement can react that encroach, footsie or attack. Shaking hand or foot means fidgety that the person want to avoid talking. 3). Object adaptable movement this kind of movement always relate to the utilize of material, such as smoking and writing.3.2 The function of body language in intercultural communicationAs the necessary communication tool, body language has important function in intercultural communication. Bradford J. Hall(2002) summarized the mainly function of body language language1. Repetition Body language can reinforce the verbal language by retell the verbal message nonverbally, such as using a gesture, it can help the receiver understand the message easily. For example, when someone ask you where is the restaurant, you can point a certain direction when you say, the restaurant is north the library. Or we point to the question on the book we just ask.2. Substitution Body language can be used to replace some verbal language to deliver a certain meaning. When your relay station meet a sad thing that make him cry, you can give him a hug. This is more efficacious than any soothing words.3. Contradiction Body language sometimes can betray the speaker by sending contradictory message to the verbal language. The body language is often regarded as the powerful word than the spoken words. For example, we cant keep our face from blushing even say we dont nervous or we cant slow obliterate our heartbeat if we are scared. And the teacher can find a student is vagabond from the eyesight even though his e yes are staring the blackboard. So the body language is authoritative than the verbal language sometimes.4. Accentuation It can force the power when you add a body language with your talk than only use verbal language. When you apologize to someone, if an alibi show on you face, this can make your apology more conviction. In addition, body language can provide a complement to the verbal language. In some countries, you can up you thumb as the same time you give a admiration to your friends for his total performance.5. Regulation The body language also helps us to control the situation of our talking. For example, when we need a quiet, we can put our finger on our lip.IV. The analysis of the differences of the same body language in different cultures4.1 The different meaning of the same body language in different culturesHere personal credit line some body languages that usually used but have different meaning. If you use a very awful body language, this might bring a badly resul t.1. In China, up the thumbs means good to praise you are doing a good job, bravo and so on. It is same in many countries. If thumbs down means disagree, finish or youre game over. But in Australia, no matter it up or down is obscene.2. Protrude the index finger means wait a minute in America, but in Australia it means one more beer.3. Protrude the secondary finger means cowardly man in England as bet in America.4. The V for victory or peace sign in America if made with the palm facing inward is taunting or sneering in England. It is very offensive to societys morals.5. American people sometimes up head, palm facing down, index finger crosswise the throat, it means Im full. I cant eat anymore. But it means decapitation in China.6. When Chinese people communicating with foreign people, the most antipathetic movement is using index finger point the others casual. Indeed, the movement is in bad taste and impolite to western people. This is reproof and rebuke.7. Chinese male like to pu t hands on other mans shoulder for a long time. And Chinese female frequently take other womans hand closely for long time. These shock the foreigners because they consider this gesture means homosexual.8. When Chinese people receive or send a cup of water or a gift, they will use two hands to accept it to show appreciate and admiration. But American people dont care about whether use one or two hands.9. When talking with American people Chinese like to put their hands crossed behind their back or into their pockets. But these gestures make the American think you are hiding guns in your hands.10. Chinese may scratch their noses when feeling uncomfortable. This is confused the western people because in their culture this movement means Im telling a lie.4.2 Some embarrassing examples due to misunderstanding of body languageUnder the same culture, people may have misunderstanding because of the body language, even the different culture. Culture difference in different countries, so the body language can express different meaning. If we do not understand the other peoples meaning, it will have misunderstanding and displeasure. For ExamplesTom is the manager of an American company in China. Recently, Li Lei, one of the Chinese staff makes a mistake at work. He is very upset about what had happened, so he comes to Toms office to apologize. Entering the office with smile. He says I feel terribly muddied for the mistake. I am here to make a sincerely apology to you and promise that it will never happen again. When he said this, the smile always on his face. But Tom feels it is hard to accept and ask himAre you sure? Li says yes with smile. Tom is angry and saysYou dont look sorry at all. If you really feel sorry, how can you still smile? Li feels so embarrassed and does not know what to do.A Chinese student Wangdan and her friend, the American student Judy who studys in China were on the way to store. They saw a boy fell down on the ground. He tried to stand up whi le the surrounding people laughed. Luckily he was ok. Judy was worried but found Wangdan was smiling too. She was very curious and asked how could you laugh when someone else fell down. Why dont you help him to stand up and ask him whether he was hurt. Wangdan said, Because they know he was not hurt too much. But Judy still couldnt understand. She said, In my culture, if this was happen, we would do anything but laugh.The former examples are all about the smile. In daily life we usually smile, but in different culture, this ordinary movement can bring misunderstanding or some more serious results. When western people come across these situations, they will with solemn face to apologize or come to console the boy. Though smile means happy, it is the symbol for people in general, but in different culture, smiling in the communication are different. The western people think smile always means happy, high in spirits or think something is funny. But Chinese people often smile, because it not only means humours and satisfaction, also means embarrassment and protection, even a kind of evadable. So it confuses the western people, they say it is too hard to understand. In China, people sometimes use smile to eliminate embarrassment, also means never mind, and the person smile to self-mockery or play a joke. But if the affair is very serious, people will provide help but laugh out of court. So for the people who do not know the meaning, this kind of smile will make them unhappy even produce antipathy.A Chinese student went to a American family and sent present to the child of this family,when he beckon to the little boy, yet the boy back off him.The hand movement is very abundant and with infective. Every gesture has its particular function. In the case, the Chinese student used Chinese gesture, which palm facing down and qualification a scratching motion with fingers to beckon. This is different in America that means to go away. When they let person to close up, thei r palm facing up or only move index finger. This is opposite to Chinese and may bring Chinese peoples repulsion.V. ConclusionAfter the briefly analysis of the analysis of body language in intercultural communications, we have a knowledge about the relationship between culture and language, and the influence of body language in the communication. The body language in our daily life is incalculable. Every one can use his body to represent himself. Body language is the same as verbal language to be the carrier of culture that may cause misunderstanding in the international communication because of culture difference. As an English major, to understand the culture of the target language is very important. Having the knowledge of body language will be helpful to us in intercultural communication.