Medical Field

Chiropractic surgeons perform procedures you may have heard of such as heart bypass surgery, heart valve repair/replacement and an also be involved with operative procedures to treat ailments such as lung cancer and emphysema, and chest trauma. .NET- Or tautology's, concentrates on the ear, nose and throat. .NET surgeons treat a diverse range of problems from hearing loss to tumors, thyroid disorders and even cosmetic procedures such as rhinestones (surgery on the nose). They are concerned with some of the most important sensory areas and help patients with problems hearing, smelling, tasting and speaking.General Surgery- General surgeons broadly speaking deal with the abdominal organs and the torso. Surgeons usually develop a sub-specialty of this wide ranging area of surgery, such as trauma, collaborate, upper Castro-intestinal, habitability, breast or endocrine surgery. General surgery is one of the most common specialties. Neurosurgery- Disorders that affect the nervous system, i ncluding the brain, spinal column and cord and other nerves throughout the body, are often treated surgically by neurosurgeons.They frequently operate on conditions like brain tumors and aneurysms, head injuries, severe back injuries and other spinal defects or diseases. Ophthalmology- Ophthalmologists examine, diagnose and treat medical and surgical robbers of the eye. These can include eye injuries, infections, tumors and cataracts. Oral and Monomaniacal Surgery- This specialty, sometimes known as oral and ‘Max fax' surgery, requires both a medical and a dental degree from university. MOBS focuses on the mouth, Jaws, face and neck and surgeons deal with Injuries, diseases and defects of these areas.Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery- These specialists deal with the restoration and development of bones, joints and muscles and sometimes concentrate on a particular area such as sports injuries, upper limbs, hips and knees or feet and ankles. There are more trauma and orthopedic surg eons than most other specialties. Pediatric Surgery- Infants and children can often require specialist surgical treatment, usually provided by pediatric surgeons, who deal with neonates through to teenagers and frequently treat cases such as congenital abnormalities (present at birth), trauma, cancers and urological problems.Plastic Surgery- Plastic surgeons work on all parts of the body with the primary aim of restoring function and appearance. They repair and reconstruct damaged skin and tissue. Sometimes their work can be cosmetic, or aesthetic, and performed on patients who choose to have procedures to enhance heir appearance. Urology- This specialty concentrates on the urinary tract of men and women and on the reproductive system of men. Some of the disorders and Vascular Surgery – This specialty concentrates on the vascular system (arteries and veins). The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery.Some of the disorders vascular surgeons deal with include deep v ein thrombosis, varicose veins and Lymphoma. Surgery is an extremely rewarding but competitive career choice. Training to become a surgeon can be a long and challenging process, and surgeons need to be very driven and passionate in order to succeed. A surgeon's time is not Just spent in the operating theatre working on anesthetized patients; they also spend a great deal of time in outpatient treatment rooms assessing and preparing patients for surgery, and on hospital wards seeing patients before and after surgical treatment.Good communication skills are essential, as surgeons must build good rapport with patients as well as work effectively with other hospital and medical staff (such as nurses, physicians and anesthetists). To become a successful surgeon, you will need to enjoy learning and be prepared to learn new skills and techniques throughout our career. You will also need to be a good teacher, and be able to share your skills with younger and less experienced surgeons as you progress throughout your career.In short; surgeons work hard, but the work most often improves, enhances or saves other people's lives, which as you can imagine is incredibly rewarding. After University Beyond your years at medical school, you can look forward to many further years of training to become a surgeon! Immediately after finishing medical school, all graduates are required to work for two years as foundation doctors, which involves ark in a hospital, and sometimes in a GAP surgery doing several different rotations, in both medicine and surgery.Most foundation doctors will have decided by the end of their foundation years which specialty they wish to pursue and at this stage will begin applying for training posts. After completion of two to three ‘core' training years, and having successfully passed the MRS. examination, surgical trainees then begin several years of working and training to acquire all the skills necessary to pass their surgical fellowship examination s (FRI.) and become a consultant in their specialty.

HUnting laws

*Hunting Laws and Regulations* I've never really paid attention to who makes the laws for hunting to be honest I've only just followed thern The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Commission Is a citizen board, chosen by the Governor, which sets regulations and policies for Colorado's state parks and wildlife programs The Colorado Parks and Wildlife Is who enforces the laws that the commission makes, there job s to protect, preserve, enhance, and anage wildlife for the use of the people of this state.There are several types of hunting allowed In Colorado such as Archery, Rifles, Muzzle loading, shot gun. And lust about every type of mammal can be hunted In regulauon elk, mule deer, black bear, mcvuntaln lion, antelope, bighorn ; Desert Bighorn, moose, mountain goat and whitetail deer, bobcat, fox, coyote, and badger. There Is also birds such as Partridge, dove, grouse, quall, chucker, turkey, duck, geese, ptarmigan, snipe, and many other irds dont feel Ilke naming.GRANGER LAWS at  https:/ /donemyessay.com/ch-16-apush/I understand why some people are against hunting, I And some people only see the stereotype a think It's just a bunch ot banjo strlnglng rednecks going Rambo on Bambi's mom. But there are several laws and regulations keeping all hunting sate and even necessary to keep species size under control. have hunted all my lite. and lwe learned most ot my lite lessons sitting on the cold ground with a 30. 6 in my hands waiting tor an elk to pass by.So hunting is a part ot me. my family doesnt hunt to just kill an animal, every piece of meat we eat is either a cow from our pasture or elk we killed during hunting season. That is the meat we eat all year, so even though I know why we hunt and why it's not bad understand why some people think it might be barbaric. I'm also not saying that some people don't disrespect the right to hunt and kill anything they see, Just like ant-hunters think.

Mississippi’s school Essay

The SAGE program in partnership with John Hopkins University of Baltimore Maryland, invites, states or districts to become members in improving the student achievement in the potential members’ schools. Through the National Network of Partnership Schools, SAGE and others in the network will work states, districts and other educational organization members to form an Action Team for Partnership plan. Members follow the Six Types of Involvement format (NNPS online). Five years of NNPS surveys and result focused studies on member schools’ progress has been reported (2005). NNPS uses research results to develop practical tools, materials, and guidelines for schools and school districts. Presently, over 1000 schools, 100 districts, and 17 state departments of education are working with NNPS to use research-based approaches to establish and strengthen their programs of school, family, and community partnerships (2005). It is suggested that incorporating the following elements create better programs and outreaching to parents of the students and increased parental involvement (2005). 1. Leadership 2. Teamwork 3. Action plans 4. Implementation of plans 5. Funding 6. Collegial support 7. Evaluation 8. Networking Results from longitudinal studies showed that â€Å" a review of literature on family involvement with students on reading, indicated that, across the grades, subject specific interventions to involve families in reading and related language arts, positively affected students’ reading skills and scores (Sheldon & Epstein, 2005b). The original SAGE pilot program research involved participants of which fifty percent were below the poverty level (Vinson, 2002). Participating classes were reduced from average size to fifteen students per teacher. An evaluation by Molinar, Smith and Zahorik (1999) revealed that the first grade SAGE students demonstrated higher achievement when compared to nonparticipating schools in both language arts and math. Second and third graders were reported to follow the same pattern. The third study to be reviewed is the Prime Time (1984) project in Indiana. This was originally planned to be a two year project started in 1984 but it had such promising results that by 1988 all k-3 classes were reduced in Indiana. The average FTE was eighteen. In 1989, McGivern, Gilman and Tillitski compared samples of achievement levels of second graders from six districts with reduced class sizes and three districts that were not reduced and found significantly larger gains in reading and math among students of smaller classes. As with project STAR, SAGE has suffered criticism. Limitations mentioned were that â€Å"students were not assigned to experimental control groups on a random basis†, and that school policies were changed and implemented during the course of the study (Vinson, 2002). A widely criticized factor was the use of teacher incentives to motivate small classroom achievement. As mentioned previously, opinions on class size vary. Over the years several researchers have analyzed studies and evaluated the effectiveness of each. Glass and Smith (1979) found after analyzing seventy-seven empirical studies on class size versus student achievement, that small classes were associated with higher achievement at all grade levels. For greatest results in student achievement, students should attend small classes for over one-hundred hours (1979), with under twenty students. Small classes are beneficial because of 1) better student reaction 2) teacher morale and 3) quality of the teaching environment (Vinson, 2002). In a review of one-hundred relevant studies, small classes had been the most beneficial, during kindergarten and third grade, but only if teachers change their methods and procedures (Robinson and Wittebols, 1986). Slavin’s (1990) research of empirical studies, were chosen for analysis based on a three part criteria; 1) class size had been reduced for at least one year 2) twenty students were compared to substantially larger class sizes and 3) students in both class sizes were comparable (1990). Contrary to previously mentioned researchers, Slavin believed that smaller class size had minimal positive effects on students and those effects did not continue once students were returned to normal, larger classes (1990). A highly published researcher, Eric Hanushek has voiced his opposition to small classes benefiting student achievement since the mid-1980s. In all his reviews of class size studies, he’s always concluded that; â€Å"The evidence about improvements in student achievement that can be attributed to smaller classes turns out to be meager and unconvincing (Vinson, 2002)†. Johnson (2000), citing a study at the Heritage Foundation examining National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading data, asserted that the difference in reading assessment scores between students in small classes and students in large classes was insignificant. He criticized class size reduction programs citing California as example of how such programs exacerbate the problem of lack of qualified teachers to fill classrooms. His claim of the lack of association between class size and performance was consistent with Hanushek’s conclusions (1999). Studies of the effects of class size in secondary schools are much more rare and largely equivocal (Deutsch 2003; Grissmer 1999). Many of those who advocate for smaller class sizes at the secondary level argue that small classes positively impact the school environment, thus, improving performance indirectly. In her review of the literature of class size and secondary schools, Deutsch (2003) highlights studies that conclude small classes stimulate student engagement, allow more innovative instructional strategies, increase teacher-student interactions, reduce the amount of time teachers devote to discipline, improve teacher morale, and minimize feelings of isolation and alienation in adolescence that can come from anonymity. Another important process variable the researcher will investigate is the effects of school policy on student achievement. An influential policy becoming common in schools is that of parental support and teacher incentives. As with the other factors in this model, conclusions about the effects of both on student performance has been mixed, but recent studies seem to point to more positive correlations, particularly teacher experience (Hedges, Lane, and Greenwald 1994). Mississippi’s Department of Education’s Schools and Parents Partnering for Student Success is a brochure given to the parents of Mississippi public school students to educate them on what level of proficiency their child should be on in an attempt to form a relationship between school and home. Strategies for improving student achievement according to Mississippi’s School.

Aspects of Psychology - Disease Process, Classification, and Essay

Aspects of Psychology - Disease Process, Classification, and Reimbursement Methods (U3IP&DB) - Essay Example ?unit record system,’ that is, keep a ‘unit record’ for each patient, with all records of the patients successive hospitalizations in the patients unit file. The record itself is usually organized in either the ‘traditional’ or the clinical record, the patients chart, or simply the chart.† This is one way to keep information that is necessary to treat a patient together and organized, and it is highly comprehensive. The unit record systems keeps details in chronological order, saves times, ensures up-to-date information, avoids multiple entries, is economical, and saves space. One common way of recording data is to use the Bradma data writing system, and â€Å"The Bradma card made of plastic contains the patients name, record No., address, year of birth, telephone number etc.† (Ramanand, Chandran, and Badrinath, 1982, pg. 1). The records contain referral letters, ophthalmology records, the case sheets, special specific medical record forms, admission records, discharge summaries, progress notes, operative orders, anaesthesia records, retina drawings, and graphic sheets. The records are filed according to a serial filing system. They are coded according to ICD-9CM and indexed according to the patients’ alpha index, patients’ number index, diagnostic index, and operation index (Ramanand, Chandran, and Badrinath, 1982). Hospital, patient and medical records: FAQs. (2008). New Jersey Hospital Association. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from http://209.85.215.104/search?q=cache:OobispXxTRkJ:www.njha.com/librarysection/faq.aspx+%22unit+record+system%22+medical&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us Ramanand, B.C.; A. Chandran; and S.S. Badrinath. (1982). Medical records in specialty hospitals. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=1982;volume=30;issue=4;spage=363;epage=365;aulast=Bhat These types of records are organized according to information that has been documented, and are the

Role Of The Ombudsman In The Corporate Setting Research Paper

Role Of The Ombudsman In The Corporate Setting - Research Paper Example To settle disputes that might arise between external constituents and the members under Ombudsman representation. Most employers are actively participating in reducing the litigation risk, by ensuring that they introduce the services of the Ombudsman. They ensure that they have a confidential, neutral, and independent third party to handle any confidential matter. Their purpose is to handle complaints of their employees before they advance to become lawsuits, which might be more costly and time consuming to both the management and the respective employee (Dona, 2011). Most company’s operations are at high risk of collapsing because of increased employee-initiated lawsuits. In relation to the most recent research conducted by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the medium cost in order to settle a discrimination lawsuit and any other complained by employee excluding legal costs is costing most organizations a lot (Edwin, 1989). In most of the situations, company employees are always very reluctant to air out their grievances relating to issues such as discrimination, as well as harassment. It is because of the fear of a possible judgment and prosecution that the company management might impose on an individual (Gershenfeld, 1997). In order to amicably deal with this sort of fear, as well as job insecurity, an ombudsman is an option viewed as a dependable, trustworthy, and risk-free party. Moreover, company employees use it to raise their grievances and at the same time be sure of their job security as well confidentiality. It is in the regard that ombudsman’s role comes into being and includes the following roles: Ombudsman has a major role, which is to act as a Listener (Mauton, 1984). In most cases employees in any given organization who have embraced the system, find it very useful to go the ombudsman way.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 16

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Allen infers that he never bothers to use a more energy intensive and expensive technology in areas where a simple technology can serve a similar purpose. In place of industrial fertilizer, he opts to create his own compost rations that serve the same purpose as the industrial fertilizer. The captioned picture in the book where Allen is standing at the top of a gigantic compost pile speaks volume of the sheer capacity of a simple technology which is less energy intensive. The compost is made from recycled farm waste, brewery waste, coffee grounds, and food waste. The composting operation is run in a greenhouse that absorbs several thousand pounds of coffee grounds from the surrounding restaurants and mash which is an output from an organic restaurant. Other inputs include tons of vegetables and fruits that are usually collected from local food banks. The composting process emits enough heat to warm up the greenhouses during the freezing winters in Milwaukee. In case of alternative, heaters and lighting in the greenhouse can be used to warm up the structure. This would have been a more costly exercise as heaters and lighting equipment would have to be acquired at a cost and additional costs put in place for fuel or electricity. Simple technology from the compost making process has addressed the problem. The way the compost is managed also depicts Allen’s preference towards simple technology which is energy efficient. Instead of commercially manufactured enzymes, Growing Power uses thousands of worms which are tasked with the responsibility of producing castings by breaking down the food scraps (Allen & Charles 62). The process makes compost and top-grade organic fertilizer every eight weeks. The thousands of worms are equally bred in huge bins which are made out of scrap lumber. Allen finds ways to innovate through fabrications of much simpler version of technology which achieves the desired

Kinship Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kinship Anthropology - Essay Example This paper shall seek to establish the similarities and differences in the characteristics of Achilles and Agamemnon, who were two great men that were skilled in the art of war and relate their characteristics to the roles they played in dictating the outcome of the Trojan War. It is the strong characteristics possessed by Achilles and Agamemnon that made the battle of Troy historic and legendary (Homer). Achilles and Agamemnon were two great Achaean fighters that had several weaknesses as warriors. Achilles and Agamemnon were known for their hot temper (Homer 414). Though one could argue that Achilles is more temperamental than Agamemnon, but the fact remains that these two men had elements of fury and wrath in them. It should be noted that Achilles’ show of anger resulted in his withdrawal from battle and this ultimately led to the overpowering of the Achaean forces by the Trojan forces (Homer 327). One of Achilles’ demonstrations of anger was when Agamemnon ordered h im to relinquish his war prize, Briseis; and as a result he forcefully withdrew from the war and this gave the Trojans the boldness to attack the Greek army (Homer 437-438). Thus, Achilles’ anger also played a part in the Trojan War. Another similarity that exists between Achilles and Agamemnon is in their pride and arrogance. ... Agamemnon’s arrogance is seen when he expects to get the highest share of the spoils of war, even in situations that he did not take active part in the battle. Being the king, Agamemnon always wanted to take up the leadership role and this was the reason that he wanted to be at the forefront when it was time to make decisions on the Trojan War, when it was actually Menelaus that was affected by the snatching of his wife, Helen by Prince Paris of Troy (Homer 78). Agamemnon took delight in reminding the Achaeans of his kingly status. In terms of strength, Achilles was stronger than Agamemnon in all ramifications. Achilles was the greatest warrior of Greek army during the battle of Troy, while Agamemnon was the King of Mycenae and the commander of the Greek forces during the battle of Troy. While Achilles had a close relationship with the gods as the gods loved him for his strength and bravery in battle, Agamemnon did not really have any significant relationship with the gods. Wh ile Achilles could not control his anger and fury, Agamemnon intentionally made people to feel the effect of his wrath. While Achilles did not take the Trojan War too serious, Agamemnon was too serious about the war as he did everything possible to ensure the victory of the Achaean army. There was even a time that Achilles abandoned his fellow Greek warriors and even prayed that the Trojan forces should overrun them. Agamemnon is also different from Achilles in his ability to make intelligent and refined judgments about a situation. Agamemnon is not usually too quick to act, but takes his time before embarking on an action; while Achilles lets his own anger and fury to determine his actions. Achilles usually

The Emperor's New Clothes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Emperor's New Clothes - Essay Example (Wullschlager) The author altered the story line and changed the theme to courtly pride and intellectual vanity. (Wullschlager) Andersen lived in a time when the bourgeoisie was a class of its own. Many believe that Andersen had chosen to change the storyline and the ending of the Spanish story to make fun of the bourgeoisie and their snobbishness and hypocrisy. The satirical attempt was obvious in how Andersen described the king as someone who â€Å"wanted to be always well dressed† and â€Å"spend (sic) all his money in order to obtain† his clothes (Andersen), not caring for anyone else. Intellectual vanity was not only limited to the bourgeoisie class, however, as the old sensible minister, courtier and other officials who worked for the emperor lied to the latter about what they saw since they also did not want to be called stupid. In fact, Andersen writes â€Å"Everyone in town...were anxious to see how bad or stupid their neighbours were.† (Andersen) By mak ing the foolish emperor decide to parade his nude fat body proudly under the invisible new wardrobe because he did not want to admit his stupidity, Anderson effectively showed how much people valued their pride. The need to keep face was also evident at the end of story when, after realizing the truth, the emperor said he must bear the humiliation till the end. Also, the element of irony is present because the swindlers’ cloth which is supposed to be seen only by superior people actually made the emperor and everyone else around him who praised the new wardrobe stupid. James Finn Garner’s retelling of Andersen’s The Emperor’s New Clothes is a â€Å"politically correct version† with the author making fun of how people are trying not to be insulting, sometimes to a fault. Garner stuck to most of the storyline but changed the ending and consequently, changed the moral lesson of the fairy tale as well. Using modern language, Garner described the empero r, his kingdom and the people around him as nicely as politically correct advocates would not be expected to. Examples of such would be the tailor, who deceived the king, being decorum-impaired. The emperor was a â€Å"wisdom-challenged tyrant† who felt good about the idea of an empire that made him look good, like a â€Å"trophy wife†. (Garner) Although most of the storyline remained the same and the story was still about vanity, the author used the language of today to describe the situation, characters and feelings of the people in the story. The empire was supposed to be of people who were non-alcoholics, non-smokers and listened to country music among others. (Garner) The irony in the story is still shown in how Garner made the seemingly astute leader who believed that males were superior look inferior when he himself could not admit to the truth as to the existence of his new wardrobe. As with Andersen, Garner describes the new emperor’s body as â€Å"an ugly mass of puffy white flesh† and yet the emperor â€Å"saw this too, but pretended that he could see the beautiful, politically correct robes.† Again, Garner pokes fun at how some people already see the truth but still want to appear politically correct and say nice things to avoid being insulting. The alternate ending Garner did was to make the crowd decide on joining the nude emperor by undressing and declaring a â€Å"clothing optional† day from thereon. With this, Garner presents the issue of nudity with a thumbs-up

Innovation in nursing Discussion board phase Assignment

Innovation in nursing Discussion board phase - Assignment Example This was a three times increase from the amount that had been channeled by 2009, which is a huge marker of progress in the American healthcare. Innovation in the American healthcare is vital and paramount. Two uses of innovation in healthcare can be derived from two conditions in the health status of the American population. To begin with, there is a financial pressure and squeeze on the healthcare industry, especially from the Affordable Care Act. The providers of healthcare are thus in dire need of creative strategies, ideas and innovations that can enable them keep on delivering high quality healthcare to the American population (Omachonu, 2010). Given the conditions, technological innovation is the most viable chance that they have. Secondly, combined with the cost of care is the aging population and dynamic changes in dietary practices of the American population, and lifestyles of people which expose them to deadly health conditions such as chronic diseases, obesity, heart diseases and diabetes. This, as Porte and Teisberg (2013) collectively note, results to a very big increase in volume of patients who require attention from the nurses. Innovations that will address the above two issues are therefore paramount, and although getting an innovation to be adopted is still a great challenge, it is very important for healthcare institutions to adopt the many available innovations. In addition to the above two, mobile and digital cloud technologies promise an improved health quality and patient care, especially with the ability to provide vital patient care and updated information, and as a result, even physicians have a chance to become better and more efficient (Porter and Teisberg, 2013; Omachonu, 2010). A personal health record that is electronic would be a wise choice in improving the quality of patient care. Such a platform would enable patients and other consumers to share their personal information concerning their health

Group Dynamics Negotiation Resolution and Conflict Essay

Group Dynamics Negotiation Resolution and Conflict - Essay Example This can only be accomplished through facing up to conflicts and addressing them, rather than steering clear of them. In one situation, there happened to arise a conflict between the management and a group of workers in a food production company. This mainly arose due to the employment terms whereby the full time employees felt that the part time employees were favored by being paid $3 more per hour while working during odd hours. The full time workers were engaged for six hours per day and were entitled to employment benefits that are required by the law. This was not applied for part time workers who only worked for 3 hours in the evening (Russett 2007). This caused a conflict that led to dissatisfaction amongst the full time employees, lowering the organizational productivity. The goal of the employees was that their hourly rates be equal to that of part time workers, while the management felt that the rationale behind the arrangement was the fact that there were differences in the employment benefits entitled to the workers. Under the prevailing conditions both parties had to find a solution since they were mutually dependent in the work place. The management had to maintain the organization’s profitability while the workers needed to maintain their job for their welfare. Group dynamics would have affected the outcome due to differences in opinion if they could not have been addressed. The tactics used by the negotiators were focused on addressing these differences in order for both parties to understand each other’s point of view. Each party went over their views and the disagreement was clear for both of them. The management began by explaining the rationale behind setting up differences in the terms of employment for the part time and full time workers. It also suggested the plans that were being developed in order to improve the working conditions of the workers, which included an extension of the paid

Tomboy Essay Example for Free

Tomboy Essay The elder sister, Laure, is a little â€Å"different†. Not much attention is given to her at first until her â€Å"differences† start to cause problems in the neighborhood, and for the family. Laure is a tomboy, which by definition is: â€Å"an energetic, sometimes boisterous girl whose behavior and pursuits are considered more typical of a boy than a girl†. Laure is not only like this with her behavior, but also with her appearance! If the information of her being female was not splayed to the viewer in the film, it wouldn’t be apparent she was a girl. At first, it seems as though she sees herself as a female, but dresses and acts like a boy. But, once the neighborhood kids mistake her for a boy, she fills the role and does everything in her power to make sure it stays that way, whether it be by lying, hiding, changing her name, altering her body, or mimicking the behavioral or realational values of a male. A main point in the film is that Laure made a friend, a female friend named Lisa, and nobody thought, not even Laure, that she’d ever have a female companion besides her little sister. Laure walked, talked, and dressed like a boy, and told everybody she had a boy’s name. It was pretty obvious that everybody took a liking to â€Å"him†. Childhood love soon bloomed, but, let’s not forget the fact that Laure is actually a girl. Laure has a loving family. At the age of six, Jeanne, Laure’s younger sister is dragged into the situation. She is wildly confused by her sister’s behavior, it seems at one out, but unusually accepting of it at the same time. When the odds of her deceiving behavior stack against her, Laure finds herself having to face her peers, and a bewildered mom who asks her, â€Å"Why did you tell everyone in the neighborhood you were a boy? †, and a frazzled and upset Laure just looks up at her mom and says, â€Å"I don’t know†. In a child’s mind, what could they be thinking? She is only ten, in yet, has spun herself into something so complicated that even adults, cultures, and societies still cannot grasp it. My inquiry is: What compels Laure to do this? Why would she pretend to be a boy? The world today has many contemporary issues. Many times in the movie the issue of sexuality is breached. In â€Å"Tomboy†, it is highly implied that the main character, Laure, may be a closeted transgender boy; She, of course ,does not understand this. In the film, when the way she thinks and feels is challenged by her peers and family, Laure becomes very upset. My point being that something so complex to understand, and then be able to put it on a big screen, had to take some amazing actors. The majority of the cast were children, and I could honestly say the thespians of the screenplay were so superb with their acting, that this movie could be mistaken for a visual documentary instead of a fiction film. The setting is summertime in modern day France right outside of Paris in a small neighborhood. This setting is so fitting for this type of heart-warming drama. Summer in France is fun and festive, and it enjoys pleasantly hot temperatures, and experiences occasional rain showers in the night. Expect to see beautiful flowers blooming and exquisite gardens. In the film, the child would roam about the woods near the home, giving the viewer multiple chances to see the beautiful trees, and weather of France! When watching this display of gorgeous visuals and the seemingly relaxed atmosphere, it gives you the illusion that the small area of complexes holds no secrets, and the summer is lazy, serene and full of fun! Like the children in the movie, after seeing the scenery, all I wanted to do was go down to the creek, and bask in the warm afternoon sun. Like the director’s debut film, â€Å"Water Lilies†, â€Å"this film deals with early formative concepts of gender in a truly beautiful, emotive, captivating and accurate way†. Both films were also primarily about females. Although the films were similar on the storyline concept, they were also very different. In the film â€Å"Tomboy†, it was implied that the main character, Laure, had done some similar behavior as such before, as her little sister, Jeanne, threatened to tell their mom that Laure was â€Å"acting like a boy†. The main female character in the film â€Å"Water Lilies†, was friends with her companions in the film for years, it was portrayed as it was because they’d been on a competing swim team together. Her exploration of this concept seemed to be totally new, and very much unintended. Overall, I liked â€Å"Tomboy† better as a movie, because it was just so tender and warming, whereas â€Å"Water Lilies† was, in a way, awkward. The movie definitely puts an interesting aspect on a troublesome issue in society, international film critic, John Frosch, states, â€Å"Brisk, Precisely observed, and bracingly non-preachy in its examination of a very tricky subject. I couldn’t have agreed more with his statement, simply because this is a very slippery subject. New York Times critic, Manohla Dargis, disagrees on the films superb approach, â€Å"The story that emerges in programmatic and largely unsurprising, but these children give it messiness, joy, and life. I can’t say I agree with her whole statement, but at least she acknowledges that the children did a phenomenal job with acting. The film to me is beautifully and daringly crafted because it implies that sometimes these things are judged in ways they shouldn’t be when it is not fully understood. Laure cannot comprehend the â€Å"troubles† society and her culture may give her, she doesn’t even understand why she acted this way. So, how can anyone judge her actions? Furthermore, I want to say again that the story, acting, and setting of this film was marvelous, and the film is an absolute must see for anyone who understands the value of the simplicity of childhood.

Is There a Biodiversity Crisis Essay Example for Free

Is There a Biodiversity Crisis Essay Most commonly, biodiversity is referred to as the differences in the forms of life inside an ecosystem. There are different definitions regarding to the scope and to whoever has defined the word biodiversity. The first definition which the most common definition of the word states that biodiversity is the variation of life at levels of biological organization. This definition simply states that biodiversity claims the general differences in the living organisms that exist in an ecosystem. The second definition characterizes biodiversity as an assessment of the overall health of an ecosystem. The health of an ecosystem is relatively based on the number of species that thrives in an ecosystem. Thus, biodiversity is also measure of the relative physical condition of the different organisms alive in an ecosystem. Another definition, which is most commonly used by ecologists, describes biodiversity as the entirety of the genes, species and ecosystems of a certain region. This third definition relates the three basic levels that identify biodiversity: (1) genetic diversity, (2) species diversity and, (3) ecosystem diversity. In the main, biodiversity for ecologists also relates the interactions of species to species and also the interaction of the species to the environment they are in. Therefore, it is not only the species of organism that are interacting with one another but also the organism are interacting with the air, soil, water and the factors that constitutes the totality of the environment. The environment is very essential to all the living forms in the planet. Clearly, it is the provider of our most basic needs: food, water and air. It gives us water for drinking, air for breathing, food to supply as with energy and other necessities. Humans are pat of a very big ecosystem – the earth. With all the animals and the other forms of living things in the earth interacting with one another, surely, one kind of species needs the other in order to survive. Such as the way the spider needs its web and the horse needs the grass, all the organisms, need the planet’s wealth in order to survive. The collection of plants and animals are the ones that keep an ecosystem stable. The more diverse an ecosystem is, the more that it is stable and the more that it is likely to survive. Biodiversity crisis is one of the threats that lead to the extinction of certain species of animals and plants. Still, nobody knows the importance of each and every living thing on earth. However, their loss can be equated to a loss in medicine, technology and balance in nature, which in turn mar risk the lives of humans. Factors There are so many factors that contribute to the weakening and deterioration of biodiversity. It includes too much use and over exploitation, physical and chemical modification of the areas which serves as habitats for certain organism, introduction of foreign species of organisms to an area and modifications in the conditions of habitats. Some factors that contribute to the total fall of biodiversity in an area are also socially based. This includes rapid population growth, over exploitation of resources, useless and ineffective knowledge, unworthy management and increasing demand for areas to be modified into industrial and technological spots. Human activity is a large fraction of the causes of biodiversity crisis of the world. The diverse activities of humans can be accounted as the primary cause of the degradation of the diversity of life of the planet. Certain human activities create a huge impact to the environment. Two of which are human population and the level of consumption of humankind. These two factors constitutes to the major environmental changes that are happening in the planet. Also, the principal activities of humans for the purpose of his survival in the planet such as agriculture, fishing, hunting, manufacturing, trade, industry, and even recreational activities such as hiking, mountaineering and tours are directly and indirectly creating a major effect on the environmental balance. Records show that hunting and sever use and exploitation of the animal life and environment are the most cases that can be observed in the word today. These activities are the biggest threats to the existence of various kinds of animals not only in Tibet but also in other countries such as Thailand and Philippines. In Tibet, exploitation of animals is a major environmental problem. Animals are being killed for commercial reasons. Skin of rare animals, antlers of deer, heads of various animals mostly the Tibetan gazelle and fur of wild animals such as leopards can be seen in the market and are sold openly without penalties and forced restrictions by the authorities. More to that, hunters are not only free to kill animals in the wild but also, they can get their own permit to hunt in the wild. They are given permit to kill animals for the purpose of producing income and for the purpose of causing a rapid decrease in the population of the animals that they use for commercial purposes. Also, another major cause of biodiversity crisis in the world and still, an example of human activity is forest degradation and transformation of habitats to industrial sites. Forest degradation does not only concern the loss of trees in the rainforests but also the loss of the animals that depends on these trees for survival. Wide exploitation of the forests has been recorded in most of the countries in the world as early as human population began to rapidly increase. The act of cutting trees to be used either for construction of houses or for the purpose of selling to companies and other groups and for the purpose of having a new site wherein industries, houses, subdivisions and chemical plants are to be erected, all constitutes to the improper and over utilization of resources. These activities are the roots of extensive migration of birds and animals to other areas which causes over crowding of species in an area and wide losses in certain species that eventually dies due to the loss of trees and the loss of the existence of rainforests which serves as their habitat. Losses These human activities in effect, cause enormous impact to the environment. Effects incorporate land transformations, rapid decrease in the population of specie which mostly results to extinction and immense changes in the patterns of weather, water cycle, nutrient accumulation and chemical introduction. In the long run, these direct effects of human activities consequently are the ones that cause various changes in the global climate, patterns of migration, reproduction and habitat and an overall irreversible loss form the environment and consequently a loss to the humankind. On the whole, human activities have brought changes not only to the other living organism in the planet but also to the planet itself. Accordingly, human activities have caused the environment to weaken inducing a less stable planet that could less support existence of life. The world is rapidly loosing its wealth and richness. Due to the acts of man, not only he and the other forms of life are at risk but also the whole world. Man’s activities constitute much of the factors that contribute to this hasty decline. As man continues to increase its population and greedy concept of living, the diversity of life is steadily going to a point of fall. As this happens, lakes and rivers are transformed to highways and canals, forests will soon be out of trees and animals and will be turned to deserts. Natural diversity will be continuously raped and will make way for the rise of towering buildings, winding roads, infrastructures, houses, villages, factories, mines, schools, shopping malls and gardens. Existence of the technological advancements will soon interfere with the usual patterns of the weather and global climate as well as the lives of different species. In turn, they will be extinct and will never be enjoyed again by the coming generations. Eventually, the works of man today will weaken and continuously exploit the wealth of planet until comes to a point where it can no longer hold for the existence of man and his doings. References Center for Biodiversity and Conservation. (2007). Biodiversity in Crisis?. Retrieved December 6, 2007, from http://cbc.amnh. org/crisis/crisis. html. Simberloff, Daniel. (2007). Habitat Change, Population Growth, and the Biodiversity Crisis: Getting Ahead of the Extinction Curve. Retrieved, December 5, 2007, from http://www. angelo. edu/events/university_symposium/93_Simberloff. html. Shah, Anup. (2007) Biodiversity. Retrieved, December 5, 2007, from http://www. globalissues. org/EnvIssues/Biodiversity. asp. The Fruitarian Foundation. (2000). The Biodiversity Crisis. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www. fruitarian. com/ab/TheBiodiversityCrisis. htm.

Visitng Atlanta Capital of the New South

Visitng Atlanta Capital of the New South Atlanta Capital of the New South Hello Atlanta is the frontline of the New South, with the appeal and classiness of the old days. Home to over 5 million people in the world, it is a city that balances southern heritage with lustrous modernism. There are a lot of peach trees here and the tea is sweetened. This is one of the few cities which can claim to have three skylines and is home to the busiest airport in the world. This city has been destroyed and built up again; the terrors of war and agony of floods and droughts have all been seen by this city. Rebirth and survival, flows within the veins of Atlanta. Host to the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games, Atlanta, also is the birthplace of the greatest character in the civil rights movement. Capital city to the state of Georgia, Atlanta has become the persistent leader among American cities. Best Season to visit Atlanta May to August is the best time to visit Atlanta, when you can enjoy outdoor activities and concerts alike. You might also like the days of the spring and fall, if you want to avoid the warm summers. Winter trips are recommended if you want to save some money, as the hotel rates go down and the chilly weather keeps visitors away. Highlights (Special Things to Do in Atlanta) Let your imagination run wild with building blocks at the LEGOLANDÂ ® Discovery Center, located at the Phipps Plaza, Buckhead. Having one of the largest boxes of LEGOÂ ® bricks, kids will love spending the day here. Watch a Broadway play at the Alliance Theatre. This Tony Award Winner, provides a lovely platform for classical plays, musicals and dramas which are presented here much before they are made available at the Big Apple. Scream your lungs out as you take on the Goliath or the Scream Machine, both are gargantuan rides at Six Flags amusement park. At Emorys Michael C. Carlos Museum you can get close with mummies, of the ancient world. With permanent collections from all over the world and popular travelling exhibits on display, the history fanatic in you will be fascinated by everything from Egyptian mummies to Greek relics! Dance or watch a game at the Philips Arena, home to NBA and WNBA teams, the Atlanta Hawks and Dream, the arena rocks all through the year with the world’s best concerts when the games are not on. Take in the view at the Sun Dial Bar View, the only 360 degree rotating restaurant located 72 stories above the Peachtree Street. You can see everything from Georgia Tech to the Stone Mountain and of course, everything in between! Pay homage to the souls of great Atlantans at the Oakland Cemetery. The oldest cemetery here, is the final abode of over 70,000 souls, each accompanied by a fascinating tale to tell. Carry extra bags for all shopping you would end up doing at the Atlantic Station! Whether you are looking for a major retailer or a quirky local boutique, this is the place to be. Get a glimpse of the restored rooms of the Margaret Mitchell House, where the Gone With the Wind was written. You would even find the writer’s desk and original fixtures. Submerge yourself in surround sound, with the Grammy-winning Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and its cast of musicians are here to pamper you to a performance like you would have never seen. Get personal with dinosaurs at the Fernbank Museum of Natural History. Travel back in time among the Giants of the Mesozoic, some of them are over 120 feet in length! Open the doors of the Oval Office, at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library Museum, you’ll find a replica of the Oval Office along with gifts that were given to him during his time in Whitehouse. Grab a bottle of wine, along with a picnic basket and hit Chastain Park Amphitheatre for a night you will never forget. Gigs at Chastain Park Amphitheatre offer a whole range of options for everyone, from blues and soul to rock and roll. Check out the Twin baby pandas! Mei Lun and Mei Huan, are the most sought after at the Atlanta Zoo. Wander around Piedmont Park, home to the Atlanta Botanical Garden and Lake Clara Meer. Whether you bring your pet for playtime or just a book to read on the grass, the Piedmont Park is a place which gives u lot of options. Hike through the treetops on Sky Hike or backpack to the top of the mountain for beautiful skyline vantage points. Click the world famous graffiti at the Krog Street Tunnel, is a favourite haunt for photographers and graffiti fans alike. Snorkel or SCUBA among the great whale sharks at the Georgia Aquarium. Hotspots of Atlanta You can check out these places if you are looking for the Atlanta tourist attractions: NE, Atlanta Fox Theatre: Returned back to its original golden look of the 1920s, the theatre features the Mighty Mo, a classic Moller organ, comprising of over 3,600 pipes. Currently hosting Broadway musicals and comedy shows this extravagant theatre also caters to dance companies. Atlanta Botanical Garden: Come into the magical serene world of the Atlanta Botanical Garden, where attractions like the Fuqua Orchid Center take the visitors through rare collections of beautiful orchids never found in nature in this region. Piedmont Park: Home to the Atlanta Botanical Gardens, this 185-acre park is popular with joggers and summer festivals are also held here. High Museum of Art: High Museum was the first museum to ever showcase art lent from Paris Louvre and is a lovely place to admire its architecture as well as its exhibits. Ebenezer Baptist Church: The campaign ground for King Jr. and his fore-fathers, all of whom were pastors here. This also is infamous for being the place where his mother was killed back in 1974. Downtown Georgia Aquarium: The sheer beauty of the worlds largest aquarium is hard to deny: beluga whales and whale sharks, theatre shows, where actors/trainers and intelligent bottlenose dolphins perform in tandem is a spectacle not to be missed. World of Coca-Cola: This museum would prove enjoyable to fans of the fizzy drink. The climax of the tour comes with guests sampling Coke products from all over the world. There is also Andy Warhol pieces to see, a 4-D film to watch, company history milestones, and what would look like over 20 billion promotional items. The Catholic Shrine of the Immaculate Conception: This second oldest building in Atlanta was designed by William H. Parkins, a local architect. Built in 1873 and still in use and has survived the devastating fire that gutted the city in 1864. Buckhead Atlanta History Center: Located on 33 acres in the centre of Buckhead, it is the perfect gateway to Georgia’s past, taking you through award-winning exhibits; Centennial Olympic Games Museum; historic households, including 1928 Swan House and 1860s Smith Family Farm; 22 acres of beautiful gardens and trails; and the Kenan Research Center. Grant Park Oakland Cemetery: Step back in time in at the Oakland Cemetery. This heritage park is the final abode for many Civil War soldiers, the golfing exponent Bobby Jones, and the author of Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell. Poncey – Highland Jimmy Carter Library Museum: The Carter Presidential Library and Museum is an out of this world museum tracking the life and works of President Jimmy Carter, from the time he was a kid in the Plains to the work Mrs. Carter and he do all over the world to promote peace and health. Sitting on a hilltop, it exhibits highlights of Jimmy Carters life during the 1977–81 presidency; The Oval Office replica is a must see. Carters Nobel Prize is also displayed here. And the serene Japanese garden in the back is not to be missed either. Old Fourth Ward Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site: A key attraction, the park draws over 500,000 visitors annually. Explore the house where the leader of the America Civil Rights movement was born, the church where he preached and the memorial site where he is buried. Shopping in Atlanta Atlanta shopping is spread-out all over the city, from antique and outlet centres to boutiques and art galleries. Head to Buckhead for the luxury shopping, you will find all major brands at the Phipps Plaza and Lenox Square Mall. Come across the most happening boutiques in the shopping districts around Virginia Highland and Midtown; for funky vintage items head to Little Five Points. Westside is the place to go to for home goods. Decatur Square – Considered one of the most pedestrian friendly locales, you can randomly walk around the wide spread of shops here. If you need rest between your jaunts, sip a coffee or grab a beer or a cocktail. This place is so versatile that you might as well pick up a book and soak in the sun. Atlantic Station – You might need to carry an extra suitcase for all of the things you would end up picking up here. This spread-out outdoor shopping haven is a place for some serious retail therapy. American Girl Boutique and Bistro – The ultimate daughter’s day out. A doll-shopping heaven, you could find the perfect doll, pick a matching outfit, have a tea party and even let your doll enjoy a day at the salon! Sweet Auburn Curb Market – For local farm produce or meats, also exclusive eateries serving you soul food and gourmet hot dogs or just the good old ice cream, look no more than this farmer’s market with a urban twist. Little Five Points – A place where you can pull off those skinny jeans and flannel shirt, head here for bar hopping and vibrant live performances. Vintage boutique shopping is a must here. How to reach Atlanta By Plane: The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, is located about 8 miles south of the city. The worlds busiest airport, its efficient layout makes it easy to navigate and keeps delays to a minimum. All major cities across all continents are connected from here. By Train: Served by the Amtrak, the Crescent train runs daily and serves most major cities on the eastern belt. Located at 1688 Peachtree St. N.W., The Atlanta Amtrak Station is to the north of city. By Bus: Greyhound Bus Lines provides bus service to Atlanta from many locations throughout the country. The Greyhound terminal at 232 Forsyth Street, located directly below MARTAs Garnett Station. Other bus services such as megabus.com and Bus Bank offer charters buses and can help plan a tour for you or your group. By Car: The Interstate Highway System links Atlanta to the rest of the country. So driving down to the city is a very feasible option. The main interstate highways crossing Atlanta are I-75 (Detroit to Florida), I-85 (Mid-Atlantic to New Orleans) and I-20 (Texas to South Carolina). How to get around in Atlanta By Foot: Touring the city by foot is one of the best ways to see Atlanta. Most neighbourhoods are easy to walk around, with bars, restaurants, and shops being in close vicinity. In particular, walking times would not exceed 10–20 minutes, however buses and trains are recommended for longer jaunts. By Transit: MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority) operates both rapid rail and bus networks in the city of Atlanta and the neighbouring counties, Fulton and Dekalb. Comprising of four lines: Red, Gold, Blue, and Green; where the Red and Gold lines run north-south, while the Blue and Green lines run east-west, meeting at the Five Points Station. With over one hundred different bus routes, Bus service runs from 5AM until 1:30AM Monday-Friday and on the weekends or holidays they run all day. By Taxi: Booking taxis is recommended, however it is possible to flag taxicabs down near tourist locations and watering holes in Downtown and Midtown. 24-Hour Taxicab Services: Checker Cab Atlanta Royal Cabbies Fixed rates are available for Airport runs, insist on it even if the cabbie denies knowledge of the same. By Car: All major car rental service is available around Atlanta. Cars are considered the most efficient way to move around the city in case you have to visit a lot of places. However do look out for peak hour traffic. Top areas in Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport If you are a business traveller and prefer to be located close to the busiest airport in the world, then the area around the Hartsfield-Jackson has a lot of hotel options to spend a night or more. You can find midrange to budget hotels to suit your needs. Midtown – The second largest business district in Atlanta, situated between Downtown and Buckhead, Attracts over six million visitors every year. Marked for its cultural attractions, institutions of higher education, Midtown is also noteworthy for its architecture, and urban layout. Atlanta Hotels in Midtown are mostly high-end. Pine Hills – Located to the east of Buckhead, the region is abundant of plant life. Its tall trees, such as the pine, oak and maple are home to a wide variety of animals such as chipmunks, squirrels and a variety of birds. Quite a few mid-range hotels can be found here. Sandy Springs – Even though Sandy Springs is a separate area it extends into the city limits. Most of this region is affluent and is very scenic, with mansions on single-lane roads. You can find cheap Atlanta accommodation deals in this location. Buckhead – Known for its nightlife, Buckhead Village has transferred into Buckhead Atlanta, with plenty of shopping options with Phipps Plaza and Lenox Square near here. Buckhead even has its own skyline of high-rise apartments/condominiums and office buildings. You will also find hotels across the range in this area.

Vietman War :: essays research papers

From the 1880s until World War II (1939-1945), France governed Vietnam as part of French Indochina. (Indochina also included Cambodia and Laos, and was ruled by the emperor Bao Dai). During this time, the nations of Indochina fought for their sovereignty. In 1940, the Japanese troops invaded and occupied French Indochina, (causing the United States to step in and demand Japan to leave). In December of that year, Vietnamese nationalists established the League for the Independence of Vietnam, (or Viet Minh), â€Å"using the turmoil of the war as an opportunity for resistance to French colonial rule† (Nixon, 24). When Japan would not cooperate, the U.S. and Viet Minh formed an alliance against them. The U.S. sent in militia, and the Viet Minh began guerrilla warfare. The Viet Minh troops rescued downed U.S. pilots, located Japanese prison camps, helped U.S. prisoners to escape, and provided valuable intelligence to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the Ce ntral Intelligence Agency (CIA). Ho Chi Minh, the principal leader of the Viet Minh, was even made a special OSS agent. Eventually, the Japanese signed their formal surrender (on September 2, 1945), and Ho Chi Minh used the occasion to declare the independence of Vietnam, which he called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). However, although Emperor Bao Dai resigned the throne, the French refused to acknowledge Vietnam’s independence, and later that year drove the Viet Minh into the north of the country. Ho Chi Minh wrote over eight letters to Truman (while he was president) asking him for the U.S support. However, after the Cold War, the United States and Truman feared support of communism in any form. The United States and Truman therefore condemned Ho Chi Minh as an agent of international Communism and offered to assist the French in recapturing Vietnam. â€Å"In 1946 United States warships ferried elite French troops to Vietnam where they quickly regained control of the major cities, including Hanoi, Haiphong, Hue, and Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), while the Viet Minh controlled the countryside† (Ebert 38). (Although the Viet Minh had only 2000 troops at first, the recruiting increased after the arrival of French troops, and by the late 1940s, the Viet Minh had hundreds of thousands of soldiers). In 1949 the French set up a government to rival Ho Chi Minh’s, installing Bao Dai as head of state. In May 1954 the Viet Minh mounted a massive assault on the French fortress at Dien Bien, in Northwestern Vietnam.

The Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Essay -- Public Policy

The Challenges of Implementing The GAIN Program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) no longer exists. A new era has arrived and the nation has moved in a completely different direction. In 1996, new legislation, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, was passed. Under this new Act, " The state and local governments wide –ranging autonomy, discretion and responsibility for serving poor women and children were returned to them. It does this by repealing AFDC, the nation’s welfare employment program (the Job Opportunity and Basic Skills Training Program), and the AFDC emergency assistance program. In its place, Congress and the president have authorized an unprecedented amount of block grant funding to states through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)". In this paper, I will briefly identify provisions and rules under TANF, identify administrative policy and programs set-up to deal with the new TANF regulations, and discuss implementation of the Greater Avenues through Independence Program (GAIN) in relationship to administrative issues at the Regional Administrator (RA) level. TANF/CalWorks/GAIN In 1998, Los Angeles County implemented new rules under the TANF program. "TANF takes welfare in entirely new directions by creating a welfare cliff: a five-year, lifetime limit for receiving assistance from federal TANF funds. A state’s failure to comply with this requirement will result in its block grant being reduced by 5%." Through its California Work Opportunities and Responsibilities to Kids (CalWorks) program, cash aid is available to needy families who meet certain requirements. Under CalWorks counties are required to enroll single parent families in welfare... ...s and what and how they feel about the services of case managers. Provides comprehensive overview of consumers opinions to help in quality service. Stocker, Robert P. and The George Washington University and Wilson A. Laura and University of Baltimore. "Verifying Compliance: Social Regulation and Welfare Reform." Public Administration Review vol. 58 (Sept/Oct 1998) 395-405 Examination study of Maryland’s welfare reform system. Two procedures are given to aid with enforcing social regulations. Includes verification and program design, administrative concerns and lessons for policy analysts. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services " LA GAIN overview" http://dpssweb.co.la.ca.us/gain/overview.htm Overview of Los Angeles County GAIN program. List and discusses participant eligibility requirements, services available, and timelines.

Dating Methods Essay -- essays papers

General Differances Between Relative and Absolute Dating Methods Getting dates for fossils that are found in sites being excavated by anthropologist is very important. Dates show the evolution from early hominid specimens to our own species, Homo homo sapiens. There are many methods that can be used to acquire these dates, but all of these methods fall into one of two catorgories. They can either give a absolute date or a relative date. An absolute date is one in which you get an actual date in years. Also known as chronometric methods. Relative dates do not give an actual date in terms of years, but they tell you if one fossil is older or younger than another fossil. Ushally relative dates are given in terms of the column of earth they are found in. This is called striatigraphy. In sites like Olduvai gorge their are geological layers of vocanic ash and sediment. When a anthropologist finds a fossil in a undistirbed layer of gray ash, you know that it is younger than the fossil in the layer of red ash below, and that fossil is younger than the fossil in the layer of brown ash below it.(Johanson 65) The basic theory here is that a certian site cantians a geolgical column key that is made up of differant strata layers, the fossils get older as they move down the key, and are found in differant layers of strata..(Scully 2) Relative dates have a couple of major problems. One is that the earth moves in many ways and this can distrube the layers of sediment putting younger fossils below older ones. Another is that you can not tell exactly how much younger or older something is from somethinng else and you can not date differant fossils from differant sites with thes relative dating methods. Absolute dating, unlike realative dating, gives the anthropologist an exact date in terms of calander years. These dating methods are much more reliable and can be used in many differant sites with many differant fossils. Absolute dating bases it’s dates on the natural radioactivity of differant elements found in the world.(Johnston 216) There are certian elements that occur in differant forms, these elements are called isotopes. Each one of these isotopes has a differant atomic mass than others. Some of thes isotopes are radioactive, meaning that they give of radiation in either alpha or beta form, as they de... ... has a half-life. C14 is the radioactive isotope of rearular carbon, c12. The cocentration of C14 in the body is one billionth of a gram in the body to one gram of C12. This C14 is contantly decaying, but through animals and plants breathing it is replenashed when an organism is alive. When the animal dies the C14 intake stops and a decay that is not replenashed.(Comas 456) During life an organism have a specific activity of 15.6 disintigrations per minuate per gram of regular carbon in thier body.(Comas 456) â€Å"After life and C14 intake cease and the equilibrium is halted, radioactive disintigration of C14 occurs, and after 5,700 years this activity will have decreased to 7.8 disintigratuions per minuate per gram of carbon in the body.’(Comas 457) This means that the ratio of C14 to C12 left in the fossil when it is found can give a date in years. Carbon-14 dating has a half-life of 5,700 years, with the lower limit of 1,000 years. The upper limit used to be about 30,000 years because after that the ratio was too small to analis. Recently reaserch by Haring and deVires has let scientist put the upper limit at 100,000 years old.(Comas 457)

Acs Assignment 2, University of Winnipeg

ACS 1803 – ASSIGNMENT 2 Due: February 11, 2013 To be done individually. 1) a) 8 A hospital ward wants to computerize its data about patients and medications / dosages prescribed for the patients. {In your mind, compare this situation with the in-class example about students, courses and grades: student is like patient, course is like medication and grade is dosage}. Then, use the following fields of hospital data that are put into one file (table): patient No. , patient name, patient address, patient birth date; medication name, medication dosage (this means how many tablets or teaspoons of that medication the patient must take each day).Use the following data: ? John Smith Date of Birth: Oct. 10. 1969 Address:123 Dialysis Way. Prescription: Prilosec. Three tablets daily Adavart . Three tablets daily Patient ID: 1849 ? Marla Johnson Date of Birth: Jan. 31. 1955 Address:842 Blossom St. Prescription: Oxycontin Two teaspoons daily Neulasta. Four tablets daily Lamictal Two tablets daily Patient ID: 1850 ? Jane Doe Date of Birth: Aug. 01. 1949 Address:725 Olive Ave. Prescription: Remicade. Three tablets daily Diovan. Four tablets daily Gardasil. One teaspoon daily Patient ID: 1851 Show this in one table with all your data records.Then explain fully why this would not be a good way of organizing data on disk. b) 10 Convert the one table in the previous question to a relational database design. Fill each table in your design with data from the previous question such that no information is lost. Show how your design satisfies the criteria for being a relational database, and why it is better to store data on disk in this way rather than all in one table. c) 7 What is database management system? What steps would the hospital ward need to take to prepare its data to be ready for producing meaningful output from the DBMS? ) 5 What are two main forms of output from a DBMS? Provide one example of each form of output using hospital data from your database in b). Hint: Utilize the â€Å"Input-Processing-Output† Model and focus on the ways data can be produced i. e. Report versus Query. See Data Modeling Explanation from Lecture 4. 2 Notes for additional information. 2) 10 If a business organization has its data stored on disk as a relational database which is managed by a database management system such as Access, why might it want to go further and have a management information system constructed, that would use this relational database as input?Why would just using Access directly not be enough for the organization? Explain fully with examples. ACS-1803-053 Assignment 2 1. a. ) Patient NO. | Patient Name| Patient Address| Patient Birth Day| Medication Name| MedicationDosage| 1849| John Smith| 123 Dialysis Way| Oct. 10. 1969| Prilosec| Three tablets daily| 1849| John Smith| 123 Dialysis Way| Oct. 10. 1969| Adavart| Three tablets daily| 1850| Marla Johbson| 842 Blossom St. | Jan. 31. 1955| Oxycontin| Two teaspoons daily| 1850| Marla Johbso n| 842 Blossom St. | Jan. 31. 1955| Neulasta| Four tablets daily| 1850| Marla Johbson| 842 Blossom St. Jan. 31. 1955| Lamictal| Two tablets daily| 1851| Jane Doe| 725 Olive Ave. | Aug. 01. 1949| Remicade| Three tablets daily| 1851| Jane Doe| 725 Olive Ave. | Aug. 01. 1949| Diovan| Four tablets daily| 1851| Jane Doe| 725 Olive Ave. | Aug. 01. 1949| Gardasil| One teaspoon daily| Using one table to record all the data would be an unefficient way. As the table above, the same information such as: No. , patient name, address, birth day, has been record more than once, which causes the waste of store space and costs more labour time.However, with the increase in data, it might make some mistakes by multiple-display the some information. For instance, we have five patients named Jane Doe, and each of them has three kinds of medications. When we search the key words â€Å"Jane Doe†, we will get 15 results with the same patient name, Jane Doe. It makes mistakes easy and takes more tim e when we have to find the only one information we need among such a bunch of results. b. ) Patient Personal Information: Patient Patient NO. | Patient Name| Patient Address| Patient Birth Day| 1849| John Smith| 123 Dialysis Way| Oct. 10. 1969| 850| Marla Johbson| 842 Blossom St. | Jan. 31. 1955| 1851| Jane Doe| 725 Olive Ave. | Aug. 01. 1949| Patient Medication Information: Medication Patient NO. | Medication Name| Medication Dosage| 1849| Prilosec| Three tablets daily| 1849| Adavart| Three tablets daily| 1850| Oxycontin| Two teaspoons daily| 1850| Neulasta| Four tablets daily| 1850| Lamictal| Two tablets daily| 1851| Remicade| Three tablets daily| 1851| Diovan| Four tablets daily| 1851| Gardasil| One teaspoon daily| The tables in relational databases organize data in rows and columns, simplifying data access and manipulation.It is easier for manager to understand the relational model than put all data in one table. Besides, a relational database allows tables to be linked. And the linkage reduces data redundancy and allows data to be organized more logically. In a word, relational database is easier to control, more flexible, and more intuitive than approaches. c. ) The database management system (DBMS) a group of programs used as interface between a database and application programs, or a database and the user. It is used to create and implement the right database system ensures that the database will support both business activities and goals.For the hospital ward, there are four basic steps need to take to prepare its data to be ready for producing meaningful output from a DBMS: 1. Setting schemas. Installing and using a large database involves â€Å"telling† the DBMS the logical and physical structure of the data and the relationships among the data for each user. 2. Establishing a data dictionary. In this case, the data dictionary should contain the following information: patient No. , patient name, patient address, patient birth date; medication name, medication dosage. . Storing and retrieving data. Establishing tables and input all the information, like â€Å"1849, John Smith, 123 Dialysis Way, Oct. 10. 1969†, into them according to the data dictionary. 4. Manipulating data and generating reports. After a DBMS has been installed, users can use it to review reports and obtain important information. d. ) There are two main forms of output from a DBMS, which are query and report. The query is a database function that extracts and displays information from a database given selection parameters.Database users use Structured Query Language (SQL) to select and extract data from a database, and the SQL is the industry standard language for relational databases. The report is a compilation of data from the database that is organized and produced in printed format or presented on screen. The report generator is a specialized program that uses SQL to retrieve and manipulate data (aggregate, transform, or group), and the repo rts are designed using standard templates or can be custom generated to meet informational needs. Query Example:Select â€Å"patient ID†, â€Å"Medication Name† from Medications Where Medications Name = â€Å"Adavart† Order By â€Å"Patient ID†; 1849| Adavart| Three tablets daily| Report Example: show a report of patients live on Olive Avenue. Patient No| First Name| Last Name| Street| Patient Birth date| 1851| Jane| Doe| 725 OliveAve. | 1949-08-01| 2. The Access is a database management system (DBMS), organizations use Access to implement database, after database designed. There are two main steps to use Access: step one is setting up the database, the DBA needs to create the database, figure out tables and link them together.The second step is using the database through the DBMS, where we have to know the features to design and create queries and reports. We can also use Access as an information system developer, and use a customized information system for specific purposes and needs. That is the reason why it might want to go further and have a customized information system constructed, which would use this relational database as input. Using Access directly just only open a computer files in order to get or add information, it might not be enough for an organization.The customized information system is created according to processes and specific needs in order to improve the operational efficiency. The customized information system consists two parts: up-front and controls. Up-front refers to its own menus, input screens, output (query) screens, and reports and, in the background, it will have a database with related tables, and programs that take the raw data from the database and convert it to the required queries and reports; the system will also have controls, that is, mechanisms that try to ensure that the output is correct and that the data is safe from accidental or deliberate destruction.

1 07 Anne Bradstreet

Part 1: Short Answer 1. Identify and explain an emotion that Bradstreet expresses in her poem that any mother might have. She is sad that her children are growing up and leaving home. 2. Read  Bradstreet's biography. List two hardships she endured throughout her life. Then, in at least two sentences, explain how these hardships might have influenced her poem â€Å"In Reference to Her Children. †Ã‚   All colonists were fighting for survival due to lack of food, the climate, ect. She was afflicted with smallpox and had very bad health.I think these hardships might have influenced her poem because maybe she knew she was going to die soon and wanted to leave them with those words. 3. Figurative language is an important element in poetry. Taking tone and style into consideration provide a simile that could be inserted in Bradstreet's poem and briefly explain your comparison. â€Å"My love for you all is sweet like sugar† This could be inserted in her poem because she loved her children very much and it’s comparing her love to the sweetness of sugar. 4. Using the poem, answer the following questions. a. How many children does Bradstreet have? She had 8 children. . How many are girls? She had 4 girls. c. How many are boys? She had 4 boys d. What did the first child do when he grew up? Her first child moved away from home when he grew up. e. Where are the last three children? Her last 3 children lived with her, as they were not old enough to leave yet. 5. What comfort is Bradstreet giving to her children by saying:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In chirping languages oft them tell You had a Dame that lov'd you well, That did what could be done for young And nurst you up till you were strong† She wants them to remember that they had a mother who raised them until they were strong enough to live on their own.Part 2: Extended Response 1. Was Hester Prynne a heroine? Write a persuasive paragraph defending or condemning her actions. Some say that Hester Prynne was a heroine. Well, what exactly is a heroine? A heroine is basically a female version of a hero. When I think of a female hero I think of super woman, not Hester Prynne. I don’t think she should be considered a heroine because she didn’t really do anything heroic, they say she dealt with her consequences with grace. This may be true but how does it make her a hero? All she did was endure the consequences of a crime she committed.If Hester Prynne is a heroine, than woman in jails and prisons might as well be heroines too! 2. Imagine the guilt Reverend Dimmesdale must have felt. Did he do the right thing? Write a paragraph to defend or condemn his actions in keeping silent for so long. I think he felt extremely bad and guilty because he was causing harm to himself about it. However, Reverend Dimmesdale did not do the right thing. He let the secret go on for a long time while basically lying to the people. He was acting like he didn’t know who Pearl’s father wa s. He was probably scared of being treated how they treated Hester and it made it worse that he was a Reverend.

Is Motivation simply Manipulation? Essay

Introduction ~Theoretical Viewpoints on Motivation The subject of human motivation is quite complicated for a number of reasons. Firstly, humans mature more slowly than any other organisms on this planet, and for this, the motivational tendencies are acquired more slowly too. Secondly, the individual is dependent on many of his fundamental satisfactions on other people; this is illustrated on his/her use of symbolic language to communicate these needs to others (Franken 1994). Motivation is defined as the concept that represents the fundamental influence that drives behavior and providing its direction (Morris et al.1999, p 284). In organizational behavior the principles in the study of behavior, especially on motivational theories, are applied in the workplace. Such theories help explain what motivates people in their attitudes toward work, their employers and other aspects of employment in general. One major motivational model or theory more often used in organizations and industries is the theory by Abraham Maslow (Smith et al 1982). More prominently called as the hierarchy of needs, this theory explains an individual’s needs on different levels. On the theory, Maslow defines basic or fundamental needs as the individual’s biological needs like hunger, thirst and rest. Maslow believes that on this basic level lies the â€Å"evolution† of the other so-called â€Å"higher† needs. If the lower levels are not satisfied, the implications mean the individual cannot or will not move onto the higher levels (Morris et al. 1999, p. 302; Marx 1976). Maslow’s theory became a phenomenal one especially in industry because of its humanistic desirability; they seemed significant to people. It helps clarify why some work incentives are not effective for some people and situations. And managers in work settings can implement interventions in their workplaces based on their understanding of human behavior according to the hierarchy of needs (Berry 2002, p. 240). ~Internal and External Classification of Motivation Psychology recognizes different perspectives of motivation. One of these viewpoints pertains to the idea of â€Å"motivational inducements,† otherwise known as incentives. Incentives are referenced from either the vantage point of internal, or that of external motivation. An inducement coming from within the individual is called intrinsic or internal motivation. It is, according to Morris and Maisto, about the â€Å". . . desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual. † An inducement coming from outside the individual is called external or extrinsic motivation. It is the aspiration to do or achieve a goal in order to acquire a type of incentives or escape or steer clear of punishment (Morris and Maisto 1999, p. 316). Children are often induced by the presence of external incentives to perform expected tasks or avoid incurring punishment. For motivation experts, however, a person developing the internal type of motivation will reap more lasting and beneficial effects compared with external motivation (1999). To induce a child to do what the parents ask for by way of rewards or threats are at times less constructive or even detrimental to the overall performance of the person or child. ~Example of Motivation in the Workplace In a multinational company like National Panasonic, they practice and execute specific agenda for increasing motivation, one of which is Management by Objectives (MBO). They have faith in involving their employees in goal-setting and in decision-making. MBO works by integrating goal-setting into individual participation in decision-making in order to establish individual work goals to which the employee feels reasonably committed. At the motivational level, it is theorized that resistance to change is decreased if individuals participate in decisions regarding change and that individuals accept and are more committed to decisions in which they have participated in making. To further encourage and increase involvement, the company provides suggestion boxes and hold monthly contests where they give monetary rewards for the best three suggestions. These give the employee a sense of achievement and responsibility for its success. For this company, the employees receive incentives in the form of Ladder promotion, general salary increase annually plus performance rating salary increases, CBA – employees can expect a minimum of 15% increase in salary annually within three years; and welfare benefits which include group insurances, medical insurance, accident benefits among others (Baron 1983). A company like this goes to such great lengths at least to assure that it does something for sustaining employees’ morale and motivation. ~Defining Manipulation. Strictly confining a term to its distinct definition enables the audience to fully grasp the nuances of its meaning; in other words when a person sticks to the exact meaning of the word, confusion as to the other shades that might be attributed to its will be reduced and perhaps eliminated. In this case â€Å"manipulation† is defined as the use of anything (goods, ideas, services, etc. ) in exchange of something to the extent that exploitation is actually may be occurring or that the person â€Å"manipulated† ends up losing something. The â€Å"manipulator† wants what’s his and the â€Å"manipulated† is fooled into giving the former what that person wanted. In this exact context, when compared with motivation, definitely, the term manipulation is not its equivalent (Drebinger 2006). Motivation according to Drebinger (2006) is simply the â€Å"act of helping someone achieve something that is beneficial to them. † Along this vein, the intentions and usually the methods are ethically and morally right which is synonymous with such internal behavior/attitudes as impetus, drive and inspiration. There are risks involved such as being misinterpreted or misperceived which happens very commonly to almost anyone (Llewellyn 2003; Kitchener 2000). Conclusion Essentially, the role of motivation in a person’s life is crucial to the understanding of human activities. Motivation is never static because in life, there always presents a dynamic and changing pattern of needs. Internal and external motivation provides in brief, an astute way of explaining the â€Å"why’s† of people’s behaviors. The line between motivation and manipulation however is thin, especially because the difference lies in the internal aspects, buried deep in the intellect, will and emotions of a person. Bibliography Atkinson, Rita L. , Richard C. Atkinson, and Ernest R.Hilgard. 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 8th ed. , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Baron, R. Behavior in Organizations: Understanding and managing The Human Side of Work. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1983. Berry, Lilly M. 1997. Psychology at Work An introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 2nd Ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Drebinger, John. 2002. ‘Motivation vs. Manipulation’ in Archive of John’ Weekly Report John Drebinger Presentations. www. drebinger. com. Franken, R. E. 1994, Human Motivation (Belmont, CA, Wadsworth). Kitchener, K. S. 2000. Foundations of ethical practice, research, and teaching in psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www. risktaking. co. uk. Marx, Melvin H. 1976. Introduction to Psychology: Problems, Procedures, and Principles. Columbia: Collier MacMillan. Morris, Charles G. , Maisto, Albert A. , 1999. Understanding Psychology. 4th ed. , Prentice Hall: New Jersey, pp. 315-316. Smith, Ronald E. , Sarason, I. G. , and Sarason, B. R. 1982. Psychology: The Frontiers of Behavior. 2nd Ed.. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.

Research on Morality Essay

There is an inherent question on the basis of morality and whether or not it is a man-made, almost religious invention or if it is intrinsic to our beings as humans. I think that the rope that is the argument between is too complicated and tightly knotted to have a short conversation about, but by fraying the ends of the rope we can inevitably decide that morality is innate and that religion may have a part in building upon it, but not in creating it. The curiosity behind the topic of morality is normally fashioned by religious arguments for the assumption that a deity endowed us as humans with some sort of moral compass. However, by searching the brain for its different functions and activities during moral dilemmas and religious interactions, along with historical clues and a little knowledge of sociology, determining that morality is not created, only built upon, is inevitable. Morality is defined as normatively to refer to a code of conduct that, given specified conditions, would be put forward by all rational persons (Stanford). With this as a definition, the first question to rises is the following: What is one moral action that a believer can do that a non-believer cannot do? There are few answers to the inverse, if any, but non-believers do not pose that they have any stronger of a moral compass than believers, while believers do. It is incredibly important to think about an answer to this question because if there truly is no answer to this challenge, then a road has been paved toward an objective that we can already see, which is that being ethical and moral is not necessarily a religious view, so such claims can immediately be cast off and the topic can stay on a strictly scientific road. Now the consideration lies upon what is deemed as an ethical person. Is the president ethical in his decisions? Is a doctor ethical in his decisions? Of course, there is an ethical code in these circles, but does that immediately mean that any decisions outside of the codes are immoral? A moral person is normally described as somebody who takes into account the possible consequences of his or her actions and rationally decides on a choice based on how it may affect those around him. We call these people morally good because their contributions to whomever they are around are normally well thought-out, harmless contributions to the topic. However, this is simply a definition, and the person is simply his or her self. Take into account the thoughts of those around the subject. A religiously-convicted man would say that his religion is the reason for his good nature, while one not necessarily supporting religion would say that he is simply a good person. As an aside, there are multiple people who would take the chance to point out many historically immoral figures, such as Mao Zedong, Stalin, Pol Pot, who were atheistic. While it is true that these figures were indeed non-believers, it is important to distinguish the reasons for their immorality. It was not based on religion, but rather by social constructs and a greed for power that caused them to act out. Some may cite Hitler as an atheist as well, but they’d be digging their own grave. Hitler, in Mein Kampf, even gives credit to the Christian god, and had religious inscriptions on every Nazi-uniform belt. To get back to the previous point, it is important to take into account what those around the subject would perceive, and although the religiously-convicted man might have millions of people around the world following his train of thought, research done Dr. Pyssiainen and Dr. Hauser from the departments of Psychology and Human Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University offers an interesting perspective on the topic: â€Å"†¦Despite differences in, or even an absence of, religious backgrounds, individuals show no difference in moral judgments for unfamiliar moral dilemmas. The research suggests that intuitive judgments of right and wrong seem to operate independently of explicit religious commitments. † Pyssiainen’s and Hauser’s study grants us that although religious backgrounds may indeed build upon moral constructs, as good religion is only positively influential to a good person, a complete lack of religious background is perfectly plausible if an individual wishes to be moral because moral judgments are not linked to religious commitments. This finding is absolutely crucial to determining whether or not morality is man-made or inherent to humans because it breaks the perceived bond between belief and morality. So their contribution to the topic has been seen through and accepted as a welcome source of reference. However, it is essential to look at the other side of the argument. Which studies show that seem to show that religion is a key factor in morality? Unfortunately, they are found few and far between. As a matter of fact, there are literally no scientific studies that show religion is crucial in the formation of morality. It’s widely granted that religion, in some aspects, can further construct upon morality and cause others to be exceedingly altruistic and generous, and that is conceded by Paul Bloom of Yale University, but it is not a formative agent. In his paper, â€Å"Religion, Morality, Evolution,† he accepts that religion can be a guiding influence on a positive path. However, he points out that it is by no means the reason for morality, and that religion itself may just be an accident by which humans needed an answer to questions that they couldn’t fathom without the help of a deity. Necessity dictates that there should be some rather fueled individuals on a topic as flammable as the topic of morality and religion. Speaking as an outsider looking in, I cannot very well use the words of Christopher Hitchens, though I would love to dearly, because he was so against religion. While he was indeed logical in most of his claims, he was a self-described anti-theist, meaning that he was against a spectating deity who watched over each individual. Thus, his words would seem rather biased. However, Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist, and Sam Harris, a well-known neuroscientist, are individuals who speak strictly through logical and provable means. Richard Dawkins posed the same point as Paul Bloom that religion is most likely an accident through evolution that was used as a possible answer to the world’s greatest questions, and Harris poses multiple reasonable points. The most relevant, though, is that if the bible were the only book in the world, it would be rational to use it as a basis for morality. However, because the bible is not the only book in the world and society is far more civilized now than it was when the bible was conceived, it is reasonable to assume that the bible is not the best book for building a moral compass. To end on a rather short note, there are few, if any, scientific studies arguing that religion is the factory that builds moral compasses. However, there are studies being conducted which follow Pyssiainen’s and Hauser’s and should end up corroborating their finds that morality works independently of religious constructs and confines. Thus, it is both rational and reasonable to assume that, after looking through history at the reasons for extreme wrongdoings and the social situations that facilitated them, and the evidence against opposing claims, morality is indeed intrinsic to our human nature and that it is simply augmented by outside forces, such as good religion. References Bloom, Paul, Religion, Morality, Evolution (January 2012). Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 179-199, 2012. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1982949 or http://dx. doi. org/10. 1146/annurev-psych-120710-100334 Cell Press (2010, February 9). Morality research sheds light on the origins of religion. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from http://www. sciencedaily. com /releases/2010/02/100208123625. htm Harris, Sam. Letter to a Christian Nation. New York: Random House, Print. Harris, Sam. The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. New York: W. W. Norton, Print. Pyysiainen, Hauser et al. The origins of religion Q1 : evolved adaptation or by-product? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, February 8, 2010 â€Å"The Nature of Morality and Moral Theories. † Morality and Moral Theories. University of San Diego. Web. 12 May 2013. .

Nature’s Role in Frankenstein

The writers of the Romantic period portrayed nature as a celestial source. In many Romantic works, nature's beauty is praised with pantheistic, almost pagan, terms. To these writers, the natural world was a direct connection to god. Through appreciation for nature, one could achieve spiritual fulfillment. The contrary, failure to surrender to natural law, results in punishment at the hands of nature. Mary Shelley, as well as her contemporary, Samuel Coleridge, depicts the antagonistic powers of nature against those who dare to provoke it.Victor Frankenstein offends nature in several ways. The first and foremost insult is his attempt to gain knowledge forbidden to humanity. Then, he uses this knowledge to create an unnatural being that serves no purpose in a natural world. Finally, Frankenstein refuses to take responsibility for his creation's actions, which have obvious and dangerous consequences for society. By daring to tread on the laws of nature, Frankenstein becomes the target o f the natural world's wrath. He, much like the Ancient Mariner, suffers due punishment for his sin.In both â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner† and â€Å"Frankenstein,† nature is portrayed as a divine power. It is a deific force, capable of creating transcendental beauty, as well as inflicting horrific torment upon those who violate its laws. The Ancient Mariner's crime is his senseless murder of the albatross; his punishment presents itself through a series of natural phenomenon. Nature deprives him and his men of natural elements, food and water, â€Å"Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink. † (Coleridge 433). Nature also uses other natural elements to cause him further suffering.For instance, the Mariner and his men must endure the heat of the sun as their ship halts, the wind stops and intensifies the heat, â€Å"Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down†¦ â€Å"â€Å"All in a hot and copper sky, The bloody sun at noon. † (Coleridge 4 33). Frankenstein also faces retribution for his disobedience to the laws of nature. His punishment, however, is not as simple as the Mariner's. Nature bestows a far more cruel and spiteful fate upon Frankenstein. It uses Frankenstein's creature against him, adopting his former object of pride and manipulating the creation into a weapon against its creator.Abandoned by its â€Å"father†, Frankenstein's monster is forced to seek another parental figure. It finds one in Mother Nature. As the creature embarks on a lonesome journey, nature teaches him the lessons that Frankenstein does not. The creature learns of the dangers of fire by burning its hand in the flame â€Å"One day, when I was oppressed by cold, I found a fire which had been left by some wandering beggars, and was overcome with delight at the warmth I experienced from it. In my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain.How strange, I thought, that the same cause sho uld produce such opposite effects! † (Shelley 389). In other such lessons, Nature shapes its â€Å"child† as a tool of revenge. For instance, the creature learns of it's hideousness by seeing it's reflection in a pool of water, † At first I started back, unable to believe that it was indeed I who was reflected in the mirror; and when I became fully convinced that I was in reality the monster that I am, I was filled with the bitterest sensations of despondence and mortification. Alas!I did not yet entirely know the fatal effects of this miserable deformity† (Shelley 431). This realization evokes anger within the monster, and its resentment towards its creator grows. Nature uses Frankenstein's hubristic disposition against him. When creating the monster, Victor Frankenstein gives it a gigantic stature. He states that he did this due to his haste, â€Å"As the minuteness of the parts formed a great hindrance to my speed, I resolved, contrary to my first intent ion, to make a being gigantic in stature†¦ † (Shelley 171).However, Frankenstein's ambition also played a role in his decision to make the creature a physically intimidating size, â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me† (Shelley 172). Here, Frankenstein states his desire to become the father of a supreme race of beings. By giving the creature an enormous form, Frankenstein is assuring that it will be dominant over other species. This is not only a threat to nature, but it also adds to the creature's unnatural genesis.The monster is abnormally powerful, as it possesses abilities far surpassing to any other species on Earth. Therefore, it is something unnatural and cannot be apart of the natural world. Nature, instead of removing the monster straight away, uses its physical superiority to taunt Frankenstein's pride. As the scientist begins his all-consuming quest to seize and kill the monster, he is constantly mocked by his own creation's power. Even at the end of his life, Frankenstein is still unable to capture the monster. The unnatural being has no true place or purpose in he natural world, so Nature uses the creature in the only suitable way: a tool for revenge. This becomes the monster's only role in the natural world. Once it has finally inflicted true punishment against Frankenstein, it will have no purpose. The monster does not belong in the natural world, and so it will be destroyed, â€Å"I, the miserable and the abandoned, am abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on† (Shelley 886). Revenge is its only objective, when nature finally achieves this intention it returns the monster back to nature.The creature's birth was allied by the use of natural materials, human flesh and lightning, similarly its death is caused by Nature's elements, fire, â€Å"I shall collect my funeral pile, and consume to ashes this miserable frame, that it s remains may afford no light to any curious and unhallowed wretch, who would create such another as I have been. I shall die. † (Shelley 889). The creature is of no use to Mother Nature any longer, and so it must remove itself from the natural world. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† and â€Å"Frankenstein† describes the horrors that result from invoking nature's rage.The natural world, according to the Romantics, was a divine force. Like the pagan gods of Greek and Roman culture, nature's wrath is terrible and unmerciful to those who dare to wrong it. Victor Frankenstein, the Promethean figure of the Romantic period, defies nature in his decision to bring unnatural life into the natural world. This is an act of blasphemy against nature, and to an extent, â€Å"God† himself. Frankenstein's punishment for this sin is both thorough and justified. Like Prometheus, Victor Frankenstein spends his remaining life paying for his act of defiance against the g ods of nature.