Case against the Death Penalty

When the past united commonwealths Secretary ordinary Kofi Annan was presented with a petition containing 3. 2 one million million sigchar spellers from 146 countries for a humankindwide moratorium on the expiration doom, he had commented The forfeiture of heart is too absolute, too irreversible, for one world being to inflict it on a nonher, even when backed by legal process. And I believe that succeeding(a) generations, through let out the world, will come to agree. (Gettings) The words of the former UN Secretary General were in concomitant an echo of the sentiments of the millions of signatories to the petition that was presented to him.The conclusion sentence strikes at the core of gentlemans gentleman sensitivity and sensibility. The world is divided into almost 2 friction match camps one passionately in support and the other as passionately against this extreme survey of censure in forgiving history. cardinal percent Ameri sack ups support the destruction penalization, while 48% would rather prefer life-timetime without pay affair (Death penalization data Centre). Both the camps present practical, logical and win oer arguments favoring their stand. Those who atomic number 18 against the dying penalization believe that this extreme measure has tokenish s make itpage effect, violates the most fundamental of merciful proper(a)s, i.e. the counterbalance to life, is completely out of sync with civil society and should be abolished outright and forthwith. Those who support the finis punishment, on the other hand, do so because they hold that it acts as a major checkout to heinous crimes, crimes committed by criminals who, concording to them, non only do not deserve a place in society, further also lose the right to life. They set near to die so that any chance of them repeating their crime and adding others to their list of victims is eliminated forever. The state, it is reasoned, takes the life to accord protection to future victims of the convicted.An objective abbreviation of the arguments for and against the terminal penalisation up to now burn only lead to the inevitable conclusion that the expiration penalization has no place in civilized society. Two re onlyy necessary and universal facts override wholly arguments in support of the expiration punishment the fundamental gentle right to life along with all its particular implications to the one-on-one and to society, and the irrevocability and finality of the last sentence that takes away all fortune of redemption or reconsideration at the face of the forgiving nature to err.The Deterrent Factor Those who support the oddment penalty do so on the basis of the belief that it acts as a strong deterrent to crimes similar to those committed by the condemned. The facts and figures, however, tell a different story. In the unify States, the southern accounts for 80% of the total executions, yet it has the highest murder rate . However, the northeast, which has slight than 1% of all executions, also has the lowest murder rate (Death penalisation nurture Centre).The figures lend themselves to very straight forward interpretations every the cobblers last penalty is failing miserably to act as a deterrent in the south or it has to be accepted that the citizenry of the south is inherently to a greater extent murderous in nature or is plainly more susceptible to murder. There are other figures that corroborate the fact that the finale penalty does not actually result in a decrease in murder rates. In Canada, the death penalty was abolished in 1976. The homicide rate in the country started declining since 1975, and in 1999 the homicide rate was the lowest since 1967.An analysis by the bare-ass York Times in 2000 set up that the homicide rates in the US states with the death penalty switch been 48% to 101% high than in states without the death penalty (John Howard Society of Ontario). An overwhelming 84% of the top criminologists of the unite States bear rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder (Radelet & Akers). The oblivion external has also failed to prevail conclusive evidence that the death penalty has any unique skill to deter others from committing similar crimes.In its survey of research findings on the relation amid the death penalty and homicide rates conducted in 1998 and updated in 2002, it concluded that it was not prudent to accept the hypothesis that peachy punishment deters murder to a marginally greater extent than does the threat and application of the supposedly lesser punishment of life imprisonment. (Hood 230) If deterrence implies that the condemned is rendered unable to repeat the crime and acquire more victim, then it will also have to imply that the condemned would have repeated the crime if allowed to escape the death penalty.That can however be an given and an assumption only. And even if we assume that the co ndemned person would have then tried to repeat the crime, it would be possible only if the person is allowed the familiarity and the opportunity to do so. Life imprisonment without give-and-take would be a preferred alternative to the death penalty in such(prenominal) a typeface. Critics would however be quick to point out the financial implications of life imprisonment. Alternative means to incapacitate In utilize, however, numerous studies have found that the damage of implementing a death penalty is much higher than the cost of maintaining a prisoner for life.There are roughly(prenominal) reasons wherefore the death penalty is more expensive than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( jacket penalty Project) i. A much higher percentage of cases go to trial in case of death penalties. ii. Murder trials generally take longer when the death penalty is at issue. A capital murder trial lasts over 3. 5 time longer than non-capital murder trials (Cook & Slawson ). Certain constitutional safeguards have to be taken in the case of death penalty trials in the lead to greater time requirement. The Jury selection procedure is also more complex and tedious and takes more time.iii. Death penalty trials require more intense pretrial preparations and more elaborate proceedings. The sentencing phase almost amounts to a second trial. All litigation costs, more a great deal than not, have to be borne by the tax payer. The Joint legislative Budget Committee of the atomic number 20 Legislature has concluded that elimination of the death penalty would result in a net savings to the state of at least several(prenominal) tens of millions of dollars annually, and a net savings to local governments in the millions to tens of millions of dollars on a statewide basis. (Budget Committee)It is therefore amply clear the life imprisonment without parole is a comparatively cheaper and equally effective alternative to the death penalty, but imposed the same degr ee of incapacitation on the condemned on the individual level. The whitethorn 2006 Gallup Poll (in the United States) found that overall support for the death penalty was 65% (d receive from 80% in 1994). The same poll revealed that when respondents are give the choice of life without parole as an alternate sentencing option, more read life without parole (48%) than the death penalty (47%). (John Howard Society of Ontario)Irreversibility of the Death Penalty The intrinsic weakness of the death penalty as a justifiable measure lies in the fact that it is irreversible and irrevocable. Numerous subjects bear recommendation to the fact that even the highest judicial system of any country can make mistakes, that candid persons have been dealt the death penalty time and again, that persons on the death row had been granted last minute reprieve when their white had been proved. Studies reveal that more than 200 people have been ruinfully convicted of pulld crimes such as murder an d rape in California only if since 1989 (Martin).In the United States, 123 persons have been exonerated and released from death row since 1973 (Death Penalty Information Center). A 1980s study in the United States identified 353 cases since the magical spell of the century of wrongful convictions for offences punishable by death and 25 innocent persons were actually executed (John Howard Society of Ontario). The death penalty leaves no area for errors in judgment. If a person is found to be innocent subsequently the sentence has been carried out, there is no way in which the wrong can be undone.Unlike in other cases, the option for compensation for a wrong done is also completely ruled out in the case of the death penalty. It is therefore assumed that the state and the judicial mechanism are infallible, that there can be no mistakes. The facts have proved this assumption wrong. The core issue of human rights The most damning case against the death penalty is that it is an infrin gement on the most fundamental of all human rights the right to life. A death penalty is imposed in the surname of the state. But does the state actually have the right to deprive a person of his or her life?It could be a dangerous hypnotism even to believe so. Hitlers Germany believed in the absolute right of the state. The consequences recognise a very dark period in the history of humankind. argon we tempting fate again by according the state the right to impose and execute the death penalty? In the December 1948 eitherday Declaration of Human Rights, nations of the world came together to ensure the fundamental rights of every person. These human rights were not subject to the will of the state, but were declared to be inherent in every human being. It was not the states prerogative to grant or withdraw the human rights.The fundamental human rights therefore put limitations on what a state may do to a person. The Universal declaration recognizes each persons right to life. The death penalty is therefore a fragrant violation of human rights. Human rights preserve the dignity of the individual. There can be no justification inhuman and cruel treatment and punishment that degrades the essence of humanity. The death penalty inflicts the most severe kind of mental and physical torture not only on the condemned, but also on al those who are related to the condemned. Every member of the society also has to own responsibility as a constituent unit of the state.In fact, the broader understanding of human rights issue has been the basis of abolition of the death penalty in many countries. In 1995, Spain abolished the death penalty on the grounds that the death penalty simply could not be fitted into the penal system of advanced and civilized societies, that depriving a person of life was too degrading or atrocious a punishment (Hood 14). The South African Constitutional Court (154) in its historic opinion when banning the death penalty commented that the deat h penalty violated the right to life and dignity which is the most important of all human rights.And by banning the death penalty, the state was effectively demonstrating the fact. Countries such as Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago have had to deny that the death penalty was a violation of human rights in order to carry on with their practice of the death penalty. However, the fact that the death penalty is a critical human rights issue has gained increasing acceptance at the international level. In 1997, the U. N. high school Commission for Human Rights approved a resolution stating that the abolition of the death penalty contributes to the enhancement of human dignity and to the progressive development of human rights. (12) Subsequent resolutions strengthened this resolution by restricting the offences for which the death penalty could be imposed, eventually leading to abolition. The member states of the Council of Europe have schematic Protocol 6 to the European Council on Hum an Rights advocating the abolition of the death penalty. On the same grounds, the European Union had made the abolition of the death penalty a precondition for entry into the Union. This had resulted in the halting of executions in many east European countries such as Russia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey which had apply for membership to the Union.Not an eye for an eye Proponents of the death penalty attempt to vindicate their stand on the principle of lex talionis or eye-for-an-eye which advocates that violence must in some measure be answered by violence or that the punishment should fit the crime. They believe that such retribution serves justice to murder victims and their survivors. Robert Blecker of the New York Law School testified Naturally grateful, we reward those who bring us pleasure. instinctively resentful, we punish those who cause us pain. Retributively, society intentionally inflicts pain and anguish on criminals because and to the extent tha t they deserve it.But only to the extent they deserve it. Justice, a moral imperative in itself, requires deserved punishment. Just as the individual do not have the right to kill, society also should not be empowered to kill. The retribution theory would dictate that the rapist be raped and the house of the arsonist be set on fire. much(prenominal) a policy would go against the basic tenets of justice. If violence can be justified by violence than it follows that every act of violence whether perpetuated by the state or the individual would be justifiable on some ground or the other.Retribution in kind would bring the state stilt to the level of the criminal. There would then be no distinction amidst the dispenser of the law and the one who violates it. Discriminatory Applications The extent of misuse of the death penalty is another reason that calls for its abolition. In the political context, the death penalty has often been used to eliminate opponents and suppress popular up risings. Here, the question of fairness in making the judgment becomes a very subjective one.What is punishable by death for one political regime could very well be deemed a heroic act of valor for another. The labeling of the act therefore depends very much on the actors and the circumstances and the environment in which they operate. That is the reason why people who are executed are often subsequently turn into martyrs. It happened in Hitlers Germany, in India and in South Africa. It is happening in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Serbia and in many other places wherever dickens groups of people look at the world with conflicting perspectives. Take the example of ibn Talal Hussein Hussien.Richard Dickers, director of Human Rights Watchs International Justice Program, was a rational voice when he said , Saddam Hussein was responsible for massive human rights violations, but that cant justify giving him the death penalty, which is a cruel and inhuman punishment. (Human Rights Watch) A November 2006 report by Human Rights Watch pointed out numerous stern flaws in the trial of Saddam Hussein. Among other defects, the report found that Iraki government actions had all along undermined the Iraqi spicy Tribunal and menace its independence and perceived impartiality.Handing Saddam Hussein the death penalty has been viewed by a deep section of the world as a measure made necessary by the prevailing political and military berth rather than a quest for justice. There is also a very strong view in the United States that the application of the death sentence is racially discriminatory. Studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between race and death penalty in all the states that where the death penalty is still active.The Capital Punishment Project reports that 96% studies found a pattern of either race-of-victim or race-of- defendant discrimination. Of those executed since 1976, approximately 35% have been black, even though blacks constitute only 12% of the population. It has been found that the odds of receiving a death sentence are almost four times higher if the defendant is black. The Amnesty International has also asserted that races does have an impact on capital punishment, and that the judicial system of the United States have been able to do precious little about it.Amnesty International has attributed this failure of the courts and legislatures of the USA to act decisively at the face of evidence that race has an impact on the death sentence to a collective blind faith that the States will never waver on the non-negotiable demands of human dignity including equal justice. Even if the death penalty was justifiable, there is compelling evidence that its writ of execution falls far short of the standards of fairness expected. There is a mark to use this extreme measure as an intimidating factor by the powerful forces of the world to assert themselves and to wrongfully dominate and suppress others.The world is coming ar ound The good news is that the world at large is coming together to prove that the death penalty is an unacceptable proposition. The United Nations has declared itself in favour of abolition. Two-thirds of the countries of the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. In the United States itself, 13 states are now without the death penalty. The latest information from Amnesty International shows that i. 90 countries and territories have abolished the death penalty for all crimes ii. 11 countries have abolished the death penalty for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimesiii. 30 countries can be considered abolitionist in practice they sustain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or complete practice of not carrying out executions, iv. a total of 131 countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, v. 66 other countries and territories retain a nd use the death penalty, but the number of countries which actually execute prisoners in any one year is much smaller. The debate over capital punishment has raged on long enough. The world is finally showing the ingress to the death penalty.In doing so, it is stating in no uncertain terms that the sanctity of life of a fellow human being is above the purview of all man-made laws. That only the giver of life has the right to take it back. kit and boodle Cited 1. Amnesty international, United States of America, Death by discrimination the continuing role of race in capital cases, April 24, 2003. Library, Online Documentation Archive. November 10, 2007 2. Blecker, Robert. Letter to the New island of Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission supplementing previous testimony, October 24, 2006. 3.Budget Committee, Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature, September 9, 1999. 4. Capital Punishment Project, travel rapidly and the Death Penalty, American Civil Liber ties Union, November 10, 2007 http//www. aclu. org/death-penalty 5. Capital Punishment Project, The High Costs of the Death Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union, 2003. 6. Death Penalty Information Center, innocence and the Death Penalty, November 9, 2006. 7. Death Penalty Information Centre. November 5, 2007 Facts about the Death Penalty. November 8, 2007. http//www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/FactSheet. pdf 8. Gettings, John. Death Penalty Update, Here & Abroad. Infoplease, November 8, 2007. 9. Hood, Roger, The Death Penalty A World-wide Perspective. 2002. Oxford, Clarendon Press, third edition, 2002. 10. Human Rights Watch, Iraq Saddam Hussein put to Death. Hanging subsequently flawed trial undermines the rule of law. December 2006. Human Rights News. November 10, 2007 http//hrw. org/english/docs/2006/12/30/iraq14950. htm 11. John Howard Society of Ontario, The Death Penalty Any Nations Shame. March, 2001, John Howard Society of Ontario publication. November 8, 2007 w ww. johnhowardphd. ca/PDFs/Fact%20Sheets/death%20penalty. pdf 12. Nina, Martin, Innocence Lost, November 2004, San Francisco Magazine, November 9, 2007, http//www. sanfran. com/archives/view_story/200/ 13. Philip J. Cook & Donna B. Slawson, The Costs of Prosecuting Murder Cases in North Carolina. 1993 14. The South African Constitutional Court, Makwanyane and Mchunu v. The State, 16 HRLJ, 1995. 15. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights Resolution, E/CN. 4/1997, April 3, 1997.